Microbial Genetics
The _________blank is all of the genetic material of a cell.
What is the genome?
Each nucleotide of DNA is composed of _________.
What is one phosphate, one nitrogenous base, and one sugar?
RNA transcription begins at this site.
What is the promoter?
During this process, ribosomes read mRNA codons while tRNAs deliver amino acids to build a polypeptide.
What is translation?
This type of mutation introduces a premature stop codon.
What is a nonsense mutation?
The physical properties and expression of genetic traits in an organism is the _________.
What is phenotype?
Each original DNA strand serves as a template for a new complementary strand.
What is semiconservative DNA replication?
A three base sequence on mRNA is called a/an __________.
What is a codon?
This mRNA codon usually signals the start of translation.
What is AUG?
This DNA repair process removes damaged DNA segments and replaces them.
What is nucleotide excision repair?
DNA moves directly between living bacteria through cell-to-cell contact. What is this process?
What is conjugation?
This enzyme joins nicks between DNA fragments.
What is ligase?
This enzyme builds an RNA strand complementary to the DNA template.
What is RNA polymerase?
The RNA molecules that carry amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis are called _________.
What is transfer RNA (tRNA)?
Starting with one double-stranded DNA molecule, how many are present after 5 ideal PCR cycles?
What is 32?
These are the units of inheritance.
What are genes?
Base pairs in DNA are held together by _________bonds.
What are hydrogen bonds?
This type of RNA carries codons that specify the amino acid sequence of a protein.
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
This ribosomal site accepts the incoming tRNA carrying the next amino acid during elongation.
What is the A site?
This laboratory technique amplifies a selected DNA sequence through repeated cycles of denaturation, annealing, and extension.
What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)?
These enzymes are molecular “scissors” cut DNA at specific recognition sequences, producing sticky or blunt ends.
What are restriction endonucleases (restriction enzymes)?
Starting with 3 double-stranded DNA molecules, how many are present after 5 ideal doubling cycles.
What is 96?
RNA uses this nitrogenous base in place of thymine.
What is uracil?
These three stages occur, in order, during translation.
What are initiation, elongation, and termination?
This technique separates DNA fragments by size as they move through a gel toward the positive electrode, with smaller fragments generally traveling farther.
What is gel electrophoresis?