Cellular Respiration: Bird's Eye View
Differentiate between aerobic vs. anaerobic respiration.
Aerobic: requires oxygen
Anaerobic: does not require oxygen
Glycolysis: 2
Krebs: 2
ETC: 32
Name 5 foods that we eat that rely on the processes of fermentation.
Pickles, bread, yogurt, cheese, sauerkraut, sour cream, etc.
What are the 5 categories of gustation?
Sweet, salty, bitter, sour, umami
Define chemoreception.
Process by which organisms respond to chemical stimuli in their environment.
What is the specific role of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Final electron acceptor in ETC
What is the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ADP to ATP? What does it rely on in order to function?
ATP synthase; H+ gradient
When does fermentation occur?
After glycolysis when oxygen is not present.
The temporary loss of smell is referred to as:
anosmia
If an individual is trying to lose weight, what type of exercise do they need to do? How do you know this?
Exercises longer than 20 minutes so that they are able to utilize fats as the fuel source for cellular respiration.
List the names and locations of the three stages of cellular respiration.
1. Glycolysis- cytoplasm
2. Krebs Cycle- mitochondrial matrix
3. ETC- inner-membrane of mitochondria
What are the reactants and products of the Krebs Cycle?
Krebs Cycle: pyruvate --> CO2 + 2ATP
The process of fermentation regenerates _____, which is required for ________ to continue to produce _____.
NAD+, glycolysis, ATP
The collection of olfactory receptor cells is known as the ________. What does it connect to?
olfactory epithelium; connected to the olfactory nerve/brain
Write the equations (in symbols) for cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
CR: C6H12O6 + O2 --> CO2 + H2O + Energy
P: CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2
Explain why we have yet to run out of oxygen in the atmosphere?
Cell respiration is balanced by photosynthesis. Plants take in the carbon dioxide that we breathe out, and produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
About what percentage of energy contained within glucose is successfully captured by cellular respiration? What happens to the remaining energy?
36%, the rest is given off as heat
What are the products of alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.
Alcoholic fermentation: ethyl alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Lactic Acid fermentation: lactic acid + NAD+
Would you expect a shark or a bird to have more olfactory receptor cells? Why?
Shark. Sharks rely heavily on smell for their survival.
Explain why organisms cannot simply rely on glycolysis alone to produce ATP.
Glycolysis requires NAD+, the NAD+ "hanging around" gets all used up very quickly, therefore it relies on some other process (ETC or fermentation) to help regenerate NAD+ from NADH
What are the three main sources of ATP during exercise and how long do each last?
ATP stored in muscles: 5-10 seconds
Lactic Acid Fermentation: 90 seconds
Cellular Respiration: 15-20mins glycogen; 20+mins fats
Explain the effect of exercise on the rate of cellular respiration. Why do we breathe harder during exercise?
Exercise increases rate of cell respiration because energy needs are higher. More oxygen is consumed because it is the final electron acceptor in the ETC. Without oxygen, humans cannot perform cellular respiration and therefore cannot synthesize ATP.
What is one theory of the cause of muscle soreness?
Accumulation of lactic acid as a result of fermentation.
Explain the underlying mechanism causing loss of smell in COVID-19 patients. Be sure to include how researchers were able to determine this.
What are the roles of each of the 4 main ingredients involved in baking bread?
Flour: fuel source (starch)
Yeast: live microorganisms that perform fermentation
Water: bring dough together and activates (hydrates) yeast
Salt: inhibits yeast and helps trap CO2