General Features of Cell Communication
Cellular Receptors and their Activation
Signal Transduction and the Cellular Response
Hormonal Signaling in Multicellular Organisms
Miscellaneous
100
Cell communication involves both *blank* and *blank* signals.
What are ingoing and outgoing?
100
When ligands alter the structure of their receptors, it causes this.
What is a conformational change?
100
This is a signaling molecule that promotes cell division.
What is a growth factor?
100
True or false: they type of cellular response that is caused by a given hormone is not dependent on the type of cell.
FALSE.
100
This is programmed cell death.
What is apoptosis?
200
This is when adjacent cells have cell junctions that enable them to pass ions, signaling molecules, and other materials between the cytosol of one cell and the cytosol of another.
What is direct intercellular signaling?
200
These are receptors found in the plasma membrane onto which extracellular signals bind.
What are cell surface receptors?
200
When a signaling molecule binds to a cell surface receptor, the conformation change stimulates this.
What is a signal transduction pathway?
200
Epinephrine is also called this.
What is adrenaline?
200
In this first stage of cell signaling, the binding of a signaling molecule causes a conformational change in a receptor that activates its function.
What is receptor activation?
300
This type of signaling occurs when one cell has a membrane-bound signaling molecule that is recognized by a receptor on the surface of another.
What is contact-dependent signaling?
300
These receptors contain seven transmembrane segments that wind back and forth through the plasma membrane; they interact with G proteins.
What are G-protein-coupled-receptors (GCPRs)?
300
Signal transduction pathways may involve a cascade of intracellular *blank*(s)
What are kinases?
300
This substance (the life source of a typical college student) inhibits phosphodiesterase, which converts cAMP to AMP.
What is caffeine?
300
In this second stage of cell signaling, the signal transduction pathway affects the functions and/or amounts of cellular proteins.
What is cellular response?
400
In *blank* signaling, a cell secretes signaling molecules that bind receptors on its own cell surface or on neighboring cells of the same time, stimulating a response. In *blank* signaling, a specific cell secretes a signaling molecule that does not affect itself, but instead influences the behavior of target cells in close proximity. (SORRY that was a long question...)
What are autocrine and paracrine?
400
Ligands bind to these types of receptors, which opens a channel and allows the flow of ions through the membrane, changing the concentration of ions within the cell.
What are ligand-gated ion channels?
400
These intracellular signals allow more signal regulation and require less energy input.
What are second messengers?
400
This phenomenon causes different cell types to have different proteomes, and therefore respond to signals in different ways.
What is differential gene regulation?
400
In this final stage of cell signaling, the activated receptor stimulates a series of proteins that forms a signal transduction pathway.
What is signal transduction?
500
This type of signaling occurs over relatively long distances and utilizes molecules called hormones.
What is endocrine signaling?
500
This is an example of a steroid hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream from cells of endocrine glands; it is hydrophobic and can diffuse through the the plasma membrane of a target cell and bind to a receptor inside the cell.
What is estrogen?
500
These are a category of enzyme-linked receptors found in animals that recognize various types of signaling molecules, like Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF).
What are receptor tyrosine kinases?
500
This is the hormone in plants that causes phototropism.
What is auxin?
500
Ligands bond *blank* to receptors with high *blank*.
What are noncovalently and specificity?
M
e
n
u