Properties of Water
What is a polar covalent bond?
Differences between the placement of molecules on either side of the double bond (either same-side or opposite-side)
What is cis-trans?
The building blocks of proteins
BONUS: Draw the general structure of this.
What is an amino acid?
1. Glucose ring structure when --OH is facing UP
2. Glucose ring structure when --OH is facing DOWN
1. Beta glucose
2. Alpha glucose
An atomic form of an element containing different numbers of neutrons.
What is an isotope?
The ability of water to form a "skin" on its surface to hold up things as heavy as insects.
What is surface tension?
Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structures
What is an isomer?
The sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide -- can alter the secondary & tertiary structure and affect its biological activity if changed.
What is primary structure?
1. simple sugar monomers
2. covalent glycosidic linkages of two monomers
3. very short polysaccharides
4. large macromolecules
What is a monosaccharide?
What is a disaccharide?
What is an oligosaccharide?
What is a polysaccharide?
When a molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties.
What is "amphipathic?"
What are acids and bases?
What is an enantiomer?
Localized folding of the polypeptide between backbone atoms
What is secondary structure?
1. Glucose & fructose
2. Glucose & galactose
3. A linkage of glucose - glucose
4. B linkage of glucose - glucose
1. Sucrose
2. Lactose
3. Maltose
4. Cellubiose
1. Adenine and Guanine
2. Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
1. What are the purines?
2. What are the pyrimidines?
What is a buffer?
Stabilizes protein structures and are the covalent bonds between sulfhydryl groups.
What is a disulfide bridge?
When a protein loses its 2, 3, & 4 structure
BONUS: What are the 4 factors that can change the structure of a protein?
What is protein denaturation?
BONUS: Temperature, pH, salinity (salt concentration), and denaturing agents
1. Glucose linked by a-linkage: Product of plant metabolism, stored in leaves, roots, and seeds of plants to be used when it can’t photosynthesize
2. long helical chains of alpha glucose
3. has several branch points (can be broken down easier)
1. What is starch?
2. What is amylose?
3. What is amylopectin?
The process of adding a H2O molecule to break a polymer into its monomers.
The process of removing an H2O molecule to connect monomers into a polymer.
What is hydrolysis?
What is dehydration synthesis?
1. Cohesive/adhesive properties, surface tension
2. Moderation of temperature
3. Low density in its frozen state
4. Acts as a solvent
What are the emergent properties of water?
# of unpaired electrons in the valence energy shell/level
What is valency?
A protein molecule that assists in the proper folding of other proteins.
What is a chaperonin?
In plants, can't be broken down by humans: cross linked chains of beta glucose (very tough fibers). B glucoses linked by B linkages-- helps maintain cell wall structure
What is cellulose?
1. Bonds that link the monomers of proteins together.
2. Bonds that link the monomers of carbohydrates together.
3. Bonds that link the monomers of nucleic acids together.
BONUS: Why are lipids not true polymers?
1. What are peptide bonds?
2. What are glycosidic linkages?
3. What are phosphodiester linkages?
BONUS: They don't have repeating monomers