Action Potential
These are the THREE different forms an ion channel can take
Open, closed, inactivated
Instead of an action potential crossing between neurons, this travels instead
Neurotransmitters (chemical signal)
The two types of metabolism
Catabolism and Anabolism
The number of steps in glycolysis
10
The two most important membrane proteins for establishing RESTING membrane potential
K+ leak channels and Na+/K+ pump
The small space between two neurons; the space between a neuron and a muscle cell
Synaptic cleft; Neuromuscular junction
Purpose of metabolism
Break down larger molecules into useable forms of energy
The number and order of energy investing and energy generating steps
1-5 energy investing; 6-10 energy generating
Depolarization occurs due to opening and influx of this gate and ion
Voltage-gated Na+ channels, Na+
Opening of this TYPE of channel and influx of this ion triggers fusion of vesicles
Voltage-gated Ca 2+ channels, Ca 2+
The THREE stages of catabolism (in humans)
1. Digestion 2. Glycolysis 3. Citric acid cycle & oxidative phosphorylation
Net yield of glycolysis per 1 glucose
2 ATP 2 NADH (2 pyruvate)
This membrane protein has a DELAY in its response to membrane depolarization and is responsible for repolarizing the membrane
Voltage-gated K+ channels, K+ ions
This is what neurotransmitters bind to
Receptors (ligand-gated ion channels)
The locations of digestion, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle
Intestines, Cytosol, and Mitochondria
Enzyme utilized for step 1 of glycolysis
Hexokinase
This prevents action potentials from moving backwards
Inactivated form of sodium channels/absolute refractory period
These are the two forms of neurotransmitters, their function, an example of the neurotransmitter, and the ion involved
Excitatory, continues an action potential, glutamine or acetylcholine, usually Na+; Inhibitory, prevents an action potential, GABA or glycine, usually Cl-
Utilization of the energy from a hydrolysis reaction of a phosphate group bonded to a substrate to synthesize ATP from ADP
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Reactants, enzyme, products, and purpose of step 1 of glycolysis
Reactants: Glucose + ATP; Enzyme: Hexokinase; Products: Glucose-6-Phosphate + ADP; Purpose: phosphorylate glucose to trap it in the cell