Water & Hydrogen bonding
Chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration.
What are covalent bonds?
Six essential elements
What is Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur?
a chemical reaction in which smaller molecules, called monomers, are joined to form larger molecules, or polymers, by removing a water molecule.
What is Dehydration synthesis?
Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
What is Carbohydrates?
Phosphate, a 5 Carbon Sugar, a nitrogen base that's made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorous
What is a nucleic acid structure?
Occurs when a hydrogen atom, covalently attached to a highly electronegative atom such as oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), or fluorine (F), interacts with a lone pair of electrons on another electronegative atom in the same or a different molecule.
What are Hydrogen Bonds ?
building blocks that can connect together to form large molecules (macromolecule)
What are monomers?
A chemical process in which a molecule is broken down into two or more smaller molecules through the addition of water.
What is Hydrolysis?
Contains hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and some phosphorus
What are lipids?
The building blocks of proteins
What are Amino Acids?
A result of water’s ability to form hydrogen bonds, more energy is required to separate water molecules during phase changes.
What is High specific heat?
Can have very different shapes and functions. Have four stages to building and can connect to other subunit.
What are protein?
Forms when the carboxyl group (–COOH) of one amino acid reacts with the amino group (–NH2) of another, releasing a water molecule in a condensation reaction, also called dehydration synthesis.
What is a Peptide Bond?
What's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
Saturated fats have only single bonds between carbon atoms and are fully “saturated” with hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fats contain one or more double bonds in their carbon chains.
Protein structure is organized into four distinct, hierarchical levels called,____, that determine the final 3D shape and function of the protein.
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
Water forming droplets on smooth surfaces, like a leaf or a car windshield, instead of spreading out. This is because the water molecules are more attracted to each other than to the surface.
What is Cohesion?
How do you determine what macromolecule a sample is?
Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often in a 1:2:1 ratio. Lipids also contain C, H, and O, but with a much higher C/H ratio, making them nonpolar and hydrophobic. Proteins contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S. Monomers are amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Nucleic acids contain C, H, O, N, and P (phosphorus).
Describe the similarities and differences between glycogen and starch.
Glycogen and starch are both glucose-based polysaccharides that serve as energy storage molecules, but glycogen is highly branched and found in animals, while starch is less branched and found in plants.
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. The molecule maltose is formed by a dehydration reaction that links two glucose molecules together. What is the molecular formula for maltose?
C12H24O12
What is the method scientists use to determine which bases are present in certain percentages?
What make ionic bonds different from covalent bonds?
Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of oppositely charged ions, while covalent bonds involve the sharing of electrons between atoms.
When a cell builds a complex carbohydrate (such as starch) out of 10 glucose monomers, how many molecules of water are produced during the dehydration synthesis process?
The cell produces 9 water molecules.
Amino acids link together to form polypeptides (protein chains), releasing water in the process, is a example of…
Dehydration Sythesis
Why don't oil and water mix? Use Polarity to help explain your answer.
Oil is nonpolar and less dense than water, which causes it to float. Because oil molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with water molecules, they do not mix and instead spread out over the water's surface.
What is an R group related to proteins?
The R group in proteins is the variable side chain of an amino acid, made up of different combinations of atoms such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, which determine the amino acid’s chemical properties.