Atomic Structure
Name and describe the three primary subatomic particles of every atom including their charges.
Atom: Subatomic Particles: proton (+1), neutron (0), electron (−1).
Which of the following two tend to be more electronegative... metals or nonmetals?
Nonmetals
Distinguish between ionic and covalent bonds by electron behavior.
Ionic: transfer of electrons forming ions; covalent: sharing of electrons between atoms.
Define endothermic and exothermic reactions in terms of heat flow.
Endothermic: absorbs heat (ΔH positive). Exothermic: releases heat (ΔH negative).
What is the meaning behind "the solute is minute"
Solute is the smaller part, solvent is the larger part of a solution
The electron configuration for phosphorus.
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
State the periodic trends for atomic radius across the period AND down a group.
Atomic radius decreases across a period. Atomic radius increases down a group.
Draw the Lewis structure and state the molecular geometry for CO2.
CO2 Lewis: O=C=O. This molecule is LINEAR!!
What is the Heat of Vaporization of water?
2260 J/g (must include units for points)
What is the meaning of: ic-ate, ite-ous
In naming acids, if the acid ends in ic, it came from a polyatomic ending in ate; if an acid ends in ous, it came from a polyatomic ending in ite.
Calculate the average atomic mass of an element that has 70% isotope A with mass 10.0 amu and 30% isotope B with mass 11.0 amu.
Avg mass = 0.70(10.0) + 0.30(11.0) = 10.3 amu.
Which element is the most electronegative on the periodic table?
Fluorine
What molecular shape is SO3 and is it polar or nonpolar?
Trigonal Planar and nonpolar!
What is the heat of fusion for water freezing?
334 J/g (must include units for full credit)
Which of the following molecules would raise the pH? HCl, H2O, or NaOH
NaOH - raising the pH means we are creating a base
How many energy levels does Francium have?
7
Predict which of the following has the largest ionization energy (removing an electron): K, Ca, Ga, or Se.
Se
Of the following bonds, which one has the strongest intermolecular strength given similar size: dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding)
Hydrogen bonding
This is the term used to express the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.
Specific Heat (Cp)
This degree of dissociation tends to create the strongest acids or bases.
fully dissociated
Give 4 examples of nuclear decay.
Beta decay, Electron capture, Alpha Decay, Positron Emission
This increases as energy levels are added and decreases the effective nuclear charge (positive pull from the nucleus).
electron shielding
What are the three atoms that hydrogen has to be directly attached to in order to have a hydrogen bond?
Fluorine, Oxygen, or Nitrogen
A 100.0 g sample of an unknown metal absorbs 1,940 J of heat. Its temperature increases from 20.0 °C to 70.0 °C.
q=mCpΔT Cp=0.388J/g°C So Zinc!
This ION is ALWAYS more abundant in acids than in bases.
Hydronium