Organic Structures
What is the term for a series of organic compounds with the same functional group/chemical formula where only the carbon chain length increases?
Homologous series
What type of reaction converts an alkene to an alkane?
Addition
What is the name of a large molecule made up of repeating monomer units?
Polymer
What intermolecular force is present between all molecules?
Dispersion forces
What is green chemistry?
Chemistry practices designed to minimise waste and hazardous chemical output.
What is the name of the functional group present in alcohols?
Hydroxyl (OH)
What type of reaction occurs when an atom or group on a haloalkane is replaced by another atom or group?
Substitution
What type of polymerisation joins monomers with the loss of a small molecule, such as water?
Condensation polymerisation
What intermolecular force explains why alcohols have higher boiling points than alkanes of similar molar mass?
Hydrogen bonding
Name one of the four industrial processes you have learnt in Unit 4
Haber process - production of ammonia
Contact process - production of sulfuric acid
Biodiesel production
Ethanol production
What term describes compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural arrangements of atoms?
Structural isomer
Which two classes of organic compound react, releasing water, to form an ester?
Carboxylic acid and alcohol
What type of molecule is always the monomer of proteins?
Amino acids
How does increasing chain length in a homologous series affect boiling point (e.g. butane vs octane)?
Boiling point increases as the chain becomes longer due to more dispersion forces.
How many steps are in the contact process?
Three
1 - Production of Sulfur dioxide
2 - Sulfur dioxide to Sulfur trioxide
3 - Sulfur trioxide to sulfuric acid
What determines whether an alcohol is classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary?
The number of carbons/other groups bonded to the hydroxyl (OH) group
Primary - one
Secondary - two
Tertiary - three
What reagent and conditions oxidise a primary alcohol all the way to a carboxylic acid?
Acidified potassium permanganate or dichromate under reflux
What type of bond links amino acids together in a protein chain?
How does branching affect the boiling point of an alkane compared to its straight-chain isomer?
Branching lowers boiling point as less surface contact means less dispersion forces.
What do LDPE and HDPE stand for?
Low-density polyethene (LDPE)
High-density polyethene (HDPE)
What is the term used to describe molecules with different spatial arrangements around a C=C double bond
Geometric isomers
What reagent and conditions substitute a haloalkane to an amine?
Concentrated ammonia (NH3) and heat in a closed environment.
Compare addition polymerisation and condensation polymerisation using atom economy (waste products)
Addition polymers incorporate all the atoms of monomers (no waste) and condensation polymers form water (waste product) so the atom economy is lower.
Why does solubility generally decrease as an alcohol’s hydrocarbon chain gets longer?
The polar OH group becomes further away from most of a larger molecule, weakening overall hydrogen bonding with water.
Name two facts about a disaccharide.
- Carbohydrate
- Made of two monosaccharide sugars
- Joined through covalent glycosidic bond
- Examples: sucrose, lactose, maltose