Religion
Popes sent these people out to kingdoms and lands across Europe to convert people to Christianity.
What are missionaries?
A method of crop rotation that had spring crops, winter crops, and one unplanted.
What was the 3-field system?
This system brought order to Europe by creating a strict system of social ranks and providing defense against foreign invaders.
What is feudalism?
Men and women that devote their life to the Christian faith.
What are monks and nuns?
Peasants who are legally bound to the lord's land.
What are serfs?
What is Christianity?
The effects of this were more lands being cultivated and a surplus of food.
What is the horse-powered plow?
The social hierarchy under feudalism.
King, Nobles, Vassal, Knight, Peasants/Serfs
These provided health care, farming, and education to the community. They also preserved books for learning.
What are monasteries?
Castle, villages, and farms
What are parts of a manor system?
He was a Christian figure who established rules (own nothing, remain unmarried, work for the good of the community) that governed the monasteries/convents in Europe.
Who was Benedict?
This was set up to help merchants/traders when traveling. It helped prevent theft and attacks while moving from town to town.
What is banking?
The estate (land) that was granted to a vassal from a more powerful lord.
What is a fief?
What made the church powerful?
They had a lot of influence, gained land and wealth, people put faith first
Men that, in return for land (fiefs), would provide protection to the lords.
Who were knights?
These people founded mendicant orders (which means taking a vow of poverty and devoting their life to Christianity)
Who are Francis and Clare of Assisi?
Workers who practiced the same craft. They paid fees and in return prices were set for goods, there was quality control, and if something happened to them, their family was taken care of.
A code that all knights needed to live by which included generosity, bravery, loyalty, protecting the weak, and defending the church.
What is Chivalry?
Began by training priests and eventually turned into these, training scholars from all of Europe.
What are universities?
These were self-sufficient economic units during the medieval times.
-meaning they could provide everything needed for the people living within the boundaries
What are medieval manors?
He was a professor who argued that both faith and reason come from God and went hand-in-hand. He also discussed natural law - meaning there are human laws that all society follow regardless of time.
Who was Thomas Aquinas?
Because of this, the population grew, trade increased, specialization occurred and there was a revival of towns.
What resulted from improvements in farming?
The cause was a surplus of crops allowed for more trade. People became more specialized in the goods they traded. They started traveling to sell their goods. Tradesmen began to set up shop so they didn't need to travel.
The fall of feudalism or the Rise of Towns.
These were very large and could be seen from miles way. They had large windows, lots of archways, high ceilings and airy.
Describe gothic cathedrals.
These were created through feudalism as an economic system and to protect people against invasions of Vikings, Muslims and Magyars.
Why manors were developed?