Chronic Kidney Disease
What is the clinical threshold that defines chronic kidney disease when present for 3 months?
GFR < 60 mL/min
At which stage does CKD most commonly become clinically recognised?
stage 3
This is when symptoms and complications (e.g. anaemia, hypertension) begin to appear
what is the leading cause of CKD
diabetes
A milder form of ADPKD with later onset kidney failure is linked to which gene?
PKD2
What hormone deficiency leads to reduced red blood cell production
EPO deficiency
A patient with CKD develops uraemia, fluid overload, and severe electrolyte imbalance.
What stage are they most likely in?
✅ Answer: C — Stage 5
👉 Why: End-stage kidney disease → loss of homeostasis → dialysis/transplant needed
name 2 other causes of CKD
hypertension, glomerular disease, polycystic kidney disease, chronic urinary tract obstructions, long-term use of medicines e.g. NSAIDs
Which hormonal system is activated early due to renal ischemia from cyst expansion, causing hypertension?
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system
What is uraemia?
The buildup of waste products in the blood
A patient has an eGFR of 82 mL/min/1.73 m² and proteinuria.
What stage of CKD is this?
✅ Answer: B — Stage 2
👉 Why: eGFR 60–89 + evidence of kidney damage (proteinuria)
what is the prevelance of CKD in australia
11%
At what age do those with ADPKD usually develop symptoms?
30-50