Introduction to CJ
Individuals sentenced to a year or more of incarceration are sent to ______.
Prison
Why don’t most cases go to trial?
Most defendants take a plea
NCVS gathers data from _________.
Victims
Which theory is related to one's response to the removal of a positive stimulus, the introduction of a negative stimulus, or the failure to achieve a goal?
General Strain Theory
In some situations, a crime is justified based on an individual's belief that what he or she did was the right thing to do to protect themselves against an impending attack.
Self-defense
What is the overarching goal of the criminal justice system?
Public safety
In a criminal trial, the prosecution is expected to prove ______ that the defendant committed the offense he or she is charged with.
Beyond a reasonable doubt
Herbert Packer describes two models to characterize the justice process. One of those models refers to the situation where cases are processed with a primary focus on the need to protect the public
The crime control model
Which theory is associated with the crime triangle?
Routine activities theory
________ deterrence focuses on preventing the individual from committing future offenses.
Specific
The Casey Anthony case is an example of which layer of the wedding cake model?
First
Statutory rape is an example of which type of law?
Strict liability
Actions that are deemed illegal by the government (and not because they are inherently considered evil)
Mala prohibita
According to Beccaria, what are the three elements that make punishment effective and deter people from committing a crime?
Swift, certain, outweighs the pleasure that offenders would get from committing a crime
The notion that one’s use of force should not far exceed the nature of the threat they are experiencing is called ______.
Proportionality
What usually happens during the arraignment stage of the criminal justice process?
Formal notification of charges + advised of legal rights + asked to enter a plea.
Actus reus is the most important element of criminal liability. However, the act must be ________ and not the result of coercion.
voluntary
Concerns about retaliation and prior negative experiences with the justice system are two reasons that may explain the ______.
Dark figure of crime
Which theory is associated with concentric zone theory?
Social disorganization theory
Describe the three elements of the crime triangle.
ability, opportunity, desire
What are the three components of the criminal justice system (the 3 Cs)?
police, courts and corrections
Which type of law is often called the "what" of the law, defining your rights and duties?
Substantive
What visual representation shows that most crimes committed by juveniles occur between the ages of 15 to 24?
The age-crime curve
Signs of disorder that send the message that nobody cares.
Broken windows theory
What are the five elements of criminality?
actus reus, mens rea, concurrence, causation, harm