Marx
The economic system that preceded Capitalism.
What is Feudalism?
Form of Protestanism that spurred capitalism
calvinism
Durkheim argued that in modern societies, social cohesion arises from interdependence created by the division of labor, a concept known as this.
Organic Solidarity
This perspective argues that the way people produce and distribute goods shapes society and social life.
Materialism
The part of Europe where capitalism appeared first
Northern
What is the state?
Weber saw this organizational form as the most efficient means of coordinating large numbers of people in modern society.
bureaucracy
Durkheim used this term to describe the shared beliefs, values, and norms that unite members of a society.
Collective conscience
Karl Marx argued that this part of society, consisting of the economy and mode of production, shapes other social institutions
What is the economic base?
According to idealists, the Protestant Reformation transformed European society largely because of changes in these.
What are religious ideas and values?
The two classes that make up a capitalist society.
The Bourgeioisie and the Proletariat
Weber used this term to describe decision-making based on efficiency, calculation, and rules.
rationalization
According to Durkheim, this type of solidarity is found in traditional societies where people share similar work, values, and lifestyles.
Mechanical Solidarity
Materialists would argue that the rise of social media is best explained by changes in technology and economic systems rather than by changes in this.
What are ideas, values, or beliefs?
This lifestyle emphasizes self-discipline, restraint, and the avoidance of worldly pleasures
What is asceticism?
Used to describe the way commodities in a capitalist marketplace seem to possess a mysterious or "magical" value and power of their own, obscuring the human labor and social relationships that produced them.
What is commodity fetish?
In this form of authority, rulers treat the government and its resources as their personal property.
Patrimonialism
Durkheim argued that rapid social change can weaken social norms and create this condition of normlessness.
Anomie
Marx argued that the ruling class controls not only the means of material production but also these, which shape how people think about society
What are the means of intellectual production?
The founding father whose name appears in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism
Ben Franklin
According to Marx, this happens when workers have little control over their work and become disconnected from what they produce.
What is alienation?
Max Weber used this metaphor to describe how bureaucracy and rules can trap individuals in systems of efficiency and control.
The iron cage of rationality
In his study of suicide, Durkheim identified this type of suicide as resulting from low social integration and weak social ties.
Egoistic Suicide
When workers accept beliefs that serve the interests of the ruling class rather than their own, Marxists call this phenomenon.
What is false consciousness?
Weber argues that this theological principle is responsible for spurring the development of capitalism.
predestination