Model Behavior (MSM & WMM)
This model views Short-Term Memory as a single, passive box that holds about 7 items.
Multi-Store Model (MSM)
This term refers to the mental frameworks or structures that help us organize and interpret new information based on past experiences.
schema
This term describes how retrieval is an active rebuilding process rather than a perfect video playback.
Reconstructive Memory
This theory states that humans use two distinct mental paths—System 1 and System 2—to process the world.
Dual-Processing Theory
This form of learning relies on pairing an unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus to create an automatic response.
Classical Conditioning
This component of the Working Memory Model acts as the "attention manager" to handle mental tasks.
Central Executive
This classic 1932 study used the Native American story "The War of the Ghosts" to show how cultural schemas distort memory over time.
Bartlett (1932)
This term refers to misleading data given to a participant after an event that alters their original memory trace.
post-event information
This system of thinking is fast, instinctive, automatic, and emotional.
System 1
This form of learning states that behavior is shaped directly by environmental rewards and punishments.
Operant Conditioning
This WMM component handles spoken and written information, split into an inner ear and voice.
Phonological Loop
This 1981 study showed that students falsely remembered seeing books in an academic office because books fit their office schema.
Brewer and Treyens (1981)
This cognitive limitation explains why Loftus & Palmer has low ecological validity.
lack of real-life emotional arousal/stress
This system of thinking is slow, deliberate, logical, and requires conscious effort
System 2
This theory by Albert Bandura argues that humans learn by observing, modeling, and imitating others.
Social Learning Theory (SLT)
This passive backup component acts as a bridge between the active WMM workspace and the static LTM.
Episodic Buffer
This term describes the schema process where we change new information to fit our existing ideas.
assimilation
This mental workspace handles the video clip in the lab, but gets overridden by verbal cues during retrieval.
Working Memory workspace
System 1 relies heavily on these mental shortcuts, which often lead to predictable cognitive biases.
heuristics
This classic 1961 study is the baseline research used to support Social Learning Theory.
Bobo Doll Experiment
This specific component of the WMM is responsible for temporarily storing visual and spatial information, such as picturing the route through a map
Visuospatial Sketchpad
This term describes the schema process where we change our existing ideas to fit new information.
accommodation
According to the transition from MSM, retrieval is not a simple "file download" because it leaves memories vulnerable to this effect.
misinformation effect
This specific cognitive bias involves favoring information that confirms your pre-existing beliefs.
confirmation bias
This specific approach in our practical framework is being used if a student group actively manipulates an independent variable by assigning one room to complete worksheets in total silence and another room to listen to music.
Experimental approach