Types of Memory
the memory of facts and events and refers to those memories that can be consciously recalled
declarative memory
people judge an experience largely based on how they felt at its peak (i.e., its most intense point) and at its end, rather than based on the total sum or average of every moment of the experience
peak-end rule
compares two or more groups on a particular variable at a specific time.
cross-sectional design
The aim of the study was to investigate the role of schema in the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory. What cognitive concept does this relate to (mental representations that are used to organize our knowledge)?
Brewer and Treyens (1981) and schemas
wondered if the Internet has become an enormous transactive memory store. If this is true, then individuals no longer feel the need to remember information but simply need to remember how to search for it effectively using a search engine such as Google
Sparrow et al 2011
the memory of specific events that have occurred at a given time and in a given place
episodic memory
the ability to access information from memory when you need it
retrieval
is research over a period of time using observations, interviews, or psychometric testing
longitudinal study
The aim of this study was to investigate how the memory of a story is affected by previous knowledge. What theory does this study address (the theory that when memories are accessed, they are not retrieved as a single, whole memory, but rather as a collection of independent memories put together. It is in this “reconstructive process” that distortions occur)
Bartlett (1932); reconstructive memory
The researchers studied five countries - China, Germany, Turkey, the UK and the USA - to see if there was any difference in the rate of flashbulb memories in collectivistic and individualistic cultures
Kulkofshy et al (2011)
unconscious memory of skills and how to do things
procedural memory
when people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented
framing effect
studies that attempt to find a correlation between two variables by collecting data early in the life of participants and then continuing to test them over a period of time to measure change and development
prospective research
investigate whether surprising and personally significant events can cause BLANK memories. these memories are created as the result of high levels of emotion – particularly surprise – are like “photographs.
Brown and Kulik (1977) ; flashbulb memory
The aim of the study was to determine whether flashbulb memories are susceptible to distortion
Neisser & Harsch (1992)
general knowledge of facts and people, for example, concepts and schemas and it is not linked to time and place
semantic memory
used in the temporary storage and manipulation of spatial and visual information, such as remembering shapes and colors, or the location or speed of objects in space. It is also involved in tasks that involve planning of spatial movements, like planning one's way through a building
visuospatial sketchpad
studies of an individual after an important change or development
retrospective research
The aim of the research was to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect estimation of speed. a similar study performed after by one of the same researchers aimed to determine if false memories of autobiographical events can be created through the power of suggestion
Loftus & Palmer (1974);
Loftus & Pickrell (1995)
conducted an experiment using articulatory suppression to test the Working Memory Model
Landry and Bartling (2011)
the mechanism through which groups collectively encode, store, and retrieve knowledge
transactive memory
mental shortcut that relies on immediate examples that come to a given person's mind when making a decision
availability heuristic
type of interview where the researcher has the participant "think aloud" while solving a problem
verbal protocols
the theory that short-term memory is not a single store but rather consists of a number of different stores. what part of the model is responsible for the control and regulation of cognitive processes? what is dedicated to linking information across domains to form integrated units of visual, spatial, and verbal information with time sequencing? what is responsible for processing auditory information?
working memory model; episodic buffer; central executive; phonological loop
aimed to test the influence of the ?? (HINT: the tendency to rely too heavily on the first piece of information offered) bias on decision-making. what type of bias is this investigating (HINT:systematic errors in thinking that affects the decisions and judgments that people make) ? what model does this study follow (HINT: Argues that there are two systems of decision making - System 1 is an automatic, intuitive and effortless way of thinking. System 2 is a slower, conscious and rational mode of thinking)?
Tversky & Kahneman (1974), anchoring bias, cognitive biases; dual process model