Effects of the Environment on Population Health
This principle says the public should have access to information about hazardous chemicals.
What is Right to Know?
Rationale: Environmental statutes provide the public with access to information about hazardous chemicals in the environment.
Levees, seawalls, and reinforced buildings are examples of this type of disaster mitigation.
What is structural mitigation?
Rationale: Structural mitigation uses physical measures to protect buildings and infrastructure from hazards.
This measures the total market value of goods and services produced in an economy over time.
What is GNP?
Rationale: GNP is defined as the total market value of goods and services produced in an economy during a specific period.
Emailing a senator, lobbying Congress, and testifying at a hearing are examples of this.
What is politics?
Rationale: Politics includes activities intended to influence how government operates and makes decisions.
This care can begin at any stage of serious illness and continue with curative treatment.
What is palliative care?
Rationale: Palliative care focuses on quality of life and symptom relief and can begin at any stage of serious illness while curative treatment continues.
This concept addresses unequal environmental risks affecting poor people and people of color.
What is environmental justice?
Rationale: The slides describe disproportionate environmental health risks among poor people and people of color as an environmental justice concern.
Zoning, building codes, and land-use restrictions fall under this type of mitigation.
What is nonstructural mitigation?
Rationale: Nonstructural mitigation uses policies rather than physical barriers to reduce risk.
A hospital analyzing its own economic decisions would use this perspective.
What is microeconomics?
Rationale: A hospital is an organization, and microeconomics focuses on individuals or organizations.
This is a decision meant to address a long-term problem.
What is policy?
Rationale: A policy is a decision intended to address a long-term problem. A hospital hand-hygiene protocol is an example.
These documents can help guide care if the patient can no longer communicate decisions.
What are advance directives?
Rationale: Advance directives, including living wills and healthcare powers of attorney, are identified as important advance care planning documents.
These gases produce the climate change "blanketing effect."
What are greenhouse gases?
This type of disaster is localized, generally lasts hours to days, and primarily requires individual- and family-centered care.
What is a small-scale disaster?
Rationale: small-scale disasters are classified by their localized scope, shorter duration of hours to days, and focus on individual/family-centered care.
Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, and the VA fall under this type of support.
What is public support?
Rationale: these government programs are under public support.
In Kingdon's model, recognition that an issue is serious belongs to this stream.
What is the problem stream?
Rationale: The problem stream occurs when an issue is recognized as serious and requiring attention. Data, focusing events, or reframing can bring attention to it.
Name a clinical sign that indicates a patient is transitioning toward death.
Correct Response: What are decreased intake/increased sleep, breathing changes, or cool extremities/mottling?
These are the 3 nursing responses to climate change.
What are planning, mitigation, and response?
During this final emotional-response phase, survivors adjust to a “new normal,” continue rebuilding, look toward the future, and may experience post-traumatic growth.
What is the reconstruction phase?
Rationale: Reconstruction involves adjusting to a new reality and continuing to rebuild. Counseling may be necessary, and affected individuals begin looking ahead; some individuals experience post-traumatic growth.
This model offers comprehensive service options but can encourage overutilization.
What is fee-for-service?
Rationale: Its advantage is comprehensive service options; its disadvantage is an incentive for overutilization
This opportunity opens when Kingdon's problem, policy, and political streams align.
What is a policy window?
Rationale: A policy window opens when all three streams align. The opportunity may be brief, so prepared advocates can use it to advance policy.
This component of the Serious Illness Conversation determines what the patient already knows about the illness.
What is assessing understanding?
Rationale: Assessing understanding helps establish the patient's current perception and knowledge of the illness.
This executive order from the 1990s addressed environmental justice in minority populations.
What is Executive Order 12898?
Rationale: Executive Order 12898, issued in 1994, addresses environmental justice in minority populations.
Aid begins to decrease, delays become frustrating, reality sets in, and survivors or responders may experience exhaustion and depression during this phase.
What is the disillusionment phase?
Rationale: During disillusionment, the initial optimism decreases as survivors encounter delays and continuing difficulties. The responders may experience depression and exhaustion during this period.
Employer insurance, individual insurance, and out-of-pocket payments fall under this support.
What is private support?
Rationale: These are examples listed under private support.
VA facilities and community health centers illustrate this government health function.
What are direct services?
Rationale: Direct services are healthcare or public health programs provided directly to populations, including VA facilities and community health centers.
Supporting informed decisions by the patient protects this ethical principle.
What is autonomy?
Rationale: Advance care planning should support informed, autonomous decisions, including a patient's right to refuse treatment.