Climate Change
Hazardous Earth
Development Dynamics
Urbanising World
Mixture
100
What are the three cells called in atmospheric circulation
Hadley cell
Ferrel cell
Polar cell
100
List the three tectonic plate boundries?
Convergent Plate boundary
Divergent Plate boundary
Conservative Plate boundary
100
What is GDP?
a. wealth created outside the country + debt + total value of goods
b. total value of goods within a country / number of people
c. social and economic development = life expectancy, education and income.
B.
100
What does it mean by urbanisation
Urbanisation is the process by which an increasing percentage of people live in towns and cities - largely caused by migration.
100
Subduction is a process that occurs at which plate boundary?
A. Destructive plate boundaries
B. Constructive plate boundaries
C. All plate boundaries
D. Conservative plate boundaries
A. Destructive plate boundary
200
What is the corriolis effect?
Winds are caused when air moves from high to low pressure, however due to the earths rotation the air does not flow in a straight line. Northern hemisphere winds directed to the right and the southerner's hemisphere deflected to the left.
200
What three trigger conditions must be present for a storm to become tropical cyclone.
A. moist cool air, warm ocean, close to Equator to spin
B. moist warm air, warm ocean, winds converging at ocean surface
C. moist warm air 26degrees, away from equator, eye wall
B
200
List 3 causes of global inequality (poverty cycle)
Physical environment - access to sea for trade, climate and natural hazards
History - Colonisam - 18th/19th century, European countries expanded territories and exploited colonies for economic gain
Political and economical policies - open economies encourage foreign investment closed economies e.g. North Korea imports and exports not allowed.
Political Corruption - Zimbabwe once before very developed set back die to corrupt gov and setbacks in welfare.
200
2 features of formal employment and 2 features of informal employment
Formal employments:
large scale, some high level skill work, needs sizeable funding and equipment needed to start, need for lots of capital, often more then 100 workers, workers have protection to ensure no accidents and set hours of work and pay taxes to gov.
Informal employments:
Small scale, mostly low level skill, needs little funding and capital to start, usually self employed or a few workers, n protection for workers, hours may be long, may have to pay protection to gangs and pay no taxes.
200
What is it called when a sum of money is given to a community of fair trade farmers to improve their standard of living?
A. The Fair Trade Premium
B. The Fair Trade Profit
C. The Fair Trade Packet
D. The Fair Trade Fund
A - The Fair Trade Premium
300
Explain what it means by Eccentricity?
a. Orbit of Earth changes shape from circular to elliptical
b. The earth goes through periods of glacial and interglacial periods
c. As the Earth rotates on its axis it does not do so perfectly (wobbles)
A.
300
Explain how convection currents cause tectonic plates to move.
Hot currents, within the mantle, circular motion, heat comes from the core, as the molten rock rises through the mantle towards the crust it cools. When it reaches the asthenosphere it is forced sideways and begins to cool. Then sinks. The process is repeated.
300
Give one advantage and two disadvantage of top down development
ADV - Tnc's create jobs and bring capital, modern tech and skills - creates knock on effect (multiplier effect)
DISADV - exploitation of cheap labour
Some TNC;s avoid tax in countries they operate in.
Local people are not involved
Some industries cause air and water pollution
300
What does It mean by regeneration?
Some older cities have started to redevelop their run down inner city areas in order to attract people to live close to the amenities of the city centre.
New shopping centres, flats and houses to give city a facelift
300
Explain why infant mortality rates vary between countries
If there is not enough money to pay for medical care, infant mortality will be higher than where healthcare is well funded.
If new mothers have not been educated about baby hygiene, infant mortality will be higher than where they have.
Environmental reasons may also be involved. For example, in tropical climates diseases like malaria cause many infant deaths.
400
Explain how ice cores can give evidence for climate change
In some places like Antartica or Greenland, ice can build up to 3000 meters deep. Ice forms in layers and traps tiny bubbles of air frozen, these bubbles contain carbon dioxide levels.
Water has different isotopes, scientists can tell what the temperature was when ice was formed.
400
4 facts about Hurricane Katrina
Date: 29 August 2005
Category 3 travelled across Gulf of Mexico
Mayor of New Orleans ordered evacuation of city but the poor who had no transport stayed behind.
Shelter for people in Superdome
Levess and barriers overwhelmed with storm surge
80% of city flooded
Response was not fast enough FEMA did not prepare the people inside the dome with enough food.
400
Explain Rostows modernisation theory
What are the five sections?
- Traditional society - Technology is very limited - no one wants to change.
- The Pre Conditions of take-off - few slow technology & development of infrastructures
- Take-off - Rapid growth of manufacturing, administrative systems develop (banking)
- Drive to technological maturity - Economic growth extends to all parts of the economy
- High mass consumption - economic system is almost self sustaining - welfare systems are fully developed
400
Quality of life for megacities is measured according to - list 4
levels of air and water pollutioon
levels of transport congestion
access to healthcare and eductaion
crime levels
access to affordable housing
access to adequate sanitation
Quality of gov services
what can people earn
400
Explain the formation of tropical storms
Hurricanes begin with an area of low pressure. (1)
Hurricanes form over warm seas, above 270C; this provides coninuous heat to maintain rising air currents. (1)
There are intense up draughts of warm air. (1)
As the warm air is pulled upwards, cold air comes down from above to replace the warm air. (1)
Warm air is drawn into the storm in a spiralling manner. (1)
Hurricanes develop in the tropics in locaions 50 to 200 North or South of the Equator in order for the Coriolis force to bring about this rotaion. (1)
As the storm moves across the ocean it picks up more warm, wet air and grows in size. (1)
These violent storms usually measure 200-700km in diameter. (1)
They will exist while there is a supply of latent heat and moisture. (1)
When they reach land they release large amounts of rain, there are strong winds, and storm surges. (1)
500
Explain one way the Earths climate can change because of natural causes.
Solar Variation
Axial Tilt
Precession
Eccentricity
Volcanism
Surface Impact
500
Explain how earthquakes are measured in detail - two types.
Size of an earthquake is recorded using seismometer.
Magnitude (size) is given according to Richter scale - value between 1 - 10
Scale is logarithmic meaning earthquake measured at 7 is ten times more powerful than one measured at 6.
Nowadays use moment magnitude scale (mw) wider range of earthquake sizes.
500
3 reasons why India attracts foreign investment?
Increasingly skilled labour
Large population growth and rising economies
Large and well educated English speaking workforce
Gov incentives such as tax evasions
Low cost production with high level tech and then export back to Western markets
500
Explain one advantage and disadvantage of the SPARC community. toilet blocks found in Mumbai
ADV: works with communities, locals help construct the toilet blocks and families can purchase monthly permits to use toilet as often as they like
Disadvantage: It should be gov responsibility to provide local toilets not local communities.
500
Why are people in the developing world at a greater risk from hazards than those in developed countries?
They build in risky location because there is nowhere else affordable to live
They can’t afford safe, well built houses
They don’t have insurance
Their governments don’t have the money and resources to provide aid
Communications are poor so warning and evacuation may not happen