Terms #1
A generic term covering a variety of functions carried out by government (and sometimes private) agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, supervision, and management of individuals who have been convicted or accused of criminal offenses.
What is corrections?
Period between the late 17th century and the late 18th century when the practice of brutal punishment and arbitrary legal codes began to wane.
What is the Enlightenment?
This school did not question the need for punishment, but believed that laws should be designed to preserve public safety and order, not to avenge crime.
What is the Classical School?
Committing further crimes after being punished is called this.
What is recidivism?
The preventative effect of the threat of punishment on the general population and is aimed at potential offenders is called this.
What is general deterrence?
State authorized imposition of some form of deprivation - of liberty, resources, or even life - on a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law.
What is punishment?
This means to restore or return to constructive or healthy activity.
What is rehabilitation?
This focuses on concrete programs such as job training rather than attitude change.
What is reintegration?
This is a doctrine maintaining that all life goals are desirable only as a means to the end of achieving pleasure or avoiding pain.
What is hedonism?
This type of justice is driven by the natural passion for punitive revenge.
This refers to the inability of criminals to victimize people outside prison walls while they are locked up.
What is incapacitation?
This is a method by which individuals are assumed to logically weigh the anticipated benefits of a given course of action against its possible costs.
What is hedonistic calculus?
This argues that human actions should be judged as moral or immoral by their effects on the happiness of the community.
What is the principle of utility?
The principle that people are discouraged from crime by the threat of punishment.
What is deterrence?
This maintains that humans have the capacity to make choices and the responsibility to make moral ones regardless of the internal or external constraints on their ability to do so.
What is human agency?
This type of justice is driven by simple deterrence and is more humanistic and tolerant, although it is still a work of vengeance.
What is restitutive justice?
This refers to the effect of punishment on the future behavior of persons who experience it.
What is specific deterrence?
This model is like an obstacle course in which impediments to carrying the accused's case further are encountered at every stage of processing.
What is the due process model?
Those who believe that human actions have causes and that these causes are to be found in the thoughts and experiences that typically precede those actions.
What are positivists?
This country is closest to a pure due process model.
What is the United States?
This model demands that punishment match as closely as possible to the degree of harm criminals have inflicted on their victims.
What is retribution?
This model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberties can have real meaning only in a safe and well-ordered society.
What is the crime control model?
This is the state of having good sense and sound judgment.
What is rationality?
This is a punishment strategy that reserves prison largely for a select group of offenders composed primarily of violent repeat offenders buy may also include other types of incorrigible offenders.
What is selective incapacitation?
This is the contrast or comparison between the possible punishment for a given crime and the usual life experience of the person who may be punished.
What is the contrast effect?