Early History
Victim’s family or tribe taking revenge on the offending person’s family or tribe as a form of retaliation.
Blood fued
The prison that served as the catalyst for the Pennsylvania System, copied extensively in both architectural design and administration.
Eastern State Penitentiary
Name the 3 main ideologies.
Punishment, rehabilitation, & prevention.
A more serious offense, and someone convicted of such a charge can be punished by imprisonment or even death, the latter in the case of a capital crimes such as first-degree murder
Felony
The 1963 case that established the right to legal counsel.
Gideon v. Wainwright
The first punishment imposed by society.
Exile/outlaw/banishment
The reason the Auburn System was chosen by law makers over the Pennsylvania System.
Money
Under the punishment ideology, the idea that sanctions might prevent people from committing crimes.
Deterrence
The various sentencing options that make up a complex network of off-ramps from the system
The Correctional Funnel
The 1963 case that established the Fifth Amendment protects from self-incrimination.
Miranda v. Arizona
A punishment that meant that the person’s property was confiscated in the name of the state and that his wife was declared a widow, eligible to remarry.
Civil death
The two main contributions from the Reformatory Era.
Indeterminate sentencing & parole
This model thought it necessary to diagnose the individual problem, develop a treatment program that might remedy it, and then apply treatment.
The Medical Model
Programs often focus on people with a serious mental health issue, people who are homeless or unsheltered, and people who are intoxicated in public
Deflection
The 1976 decision held that deliberate indifference by prison personnel to a prisoner’s serious illness or injury constitutes cruel and unusual punishment under the 8th Amendment
Estelle v. Gamble
The main element of the Pennsylvania System, stemming from Eastern State Penitentiary.
Solitary confinement
Some Southern states attempted to solve their prison problems by leasing out their entire prison population to contractors.
The emphasis in this form of prevention is on the identification and treatment of the problems that have caused past criminal behavior to prevent its recurrence.
Community Corrections
The purpose of appellate courts.
To review the trial court’s decisions for judicial error
This 2016 U.S. Supreme Court decision found racial bias in the imposition of the death penalty when prosecutors in Georgia violated the Constitution by striking every black prospective juror in a death penalty case against a black defendant.
Foster v. Chatman
The most influencial criminal law reformer of the Age of Enlightenment; best known for An Essay on Crimes and Punishment
Cesare Beccaria
A 1935 United States federal law that prohibits the interstate and foreign transportation of goods made by prison labor.
Ashurst–Sumners Act
Requires criminal justice professionals to devote attention to enabling people to make amends to their victims and communities, increasing offender competencies, and presumably protecting the public through processes in which individual victims, the community, and offenders are all active participants.
Restorative Justice
Due process is a constitutional right under this amendment.
14th Amendment
This 1961 decision held that the exclusionary rule applies to states, expanding the 14th Amendment
Mapp v. Ohio