CPR and First Aid Review

CPR

100

What does CPR stand for?

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPR stands for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. "Cardio" refers to the heart and "pulmonary" to the lungs. CPR keeps blood moving to the brain and heart when someone's heart has stopped.

200

A person is unresponsive. How long should you spend checking whether they are breathing normally before starting CPR?

No more than 10 seconds

Check for no more than 10 seconds. If the person isn't breathing or is only gasping, begin CPR. Waiting longer wastes time the brain doesn't have.

300

How deep should chest compressions be for an adult?

At least 2 inches (about 5 cm), letting the chest rise back up between pushes

Pushing at least 2 inches is deep enough to squeeze blood out of the heart. Letting the chest fully recoil between pushes allows the heart to refill. Too shallow doesn't move blood, and too deep can cause serious injury.

400

You have never taken a CPR class, but you see an adult collapse and stop breathing. What is the best thing to do while 911 is on the way?

Do hands-only CPR: push hard and fast on the center of the chest without stopping

Hands-only CPR is recommended for untrained bystanders. Continuous compressions at 100-120 per minute keep blood flowing. Trained rescuers may use a 30 compressions to 2 breaths pattern, but doing something is always better than doing nothing.

500

You've been doing compressions for almost 2 minutes and your arms are exhausted. A second helper is available. What should you do?

Switch with the helper about every 2 minutes, making the swap in under 10 seconds

Compressions get weaker as rescuers tire, usually within 2 minutes. Switching rescuers about every 2 minutes keeps compressions strong, as long as the swap is fast so blood flow isn't interrupted for long.

AED

100

What does AED stand for?

Automated External Defibrillator

AED stands for Automated External Defibrillator. It's a portable device that checks the heart's rhythm and can deliver an electric shock to help restore a normal heartbeat.

200

An AED has just arrived next to a person who needs CPR. What is the first thing you do with the AED?

Turn it on and follow the voice prompts

300

Where do the AED pads go on an adult?

One on the upper right chest and one on the lower left side, below the armpit, on bare skin

400

When the AED says “analyzing,” everyone must do this.

What is stand clear and not touch the person?

500

The AED analyzes the heart rhythm and says, "No shock advised." The person still isn't responding or breathing normally. What do you do?

Start CPR again right away and keep following the AED prompts

Treating Injuries

100

A person has trouble breathing and a swelling face after eating peanuts. This medicine is used, along with calling 911.

What is epinephrine (EpiPen)?

200

You touch a hot pan and get a small burn on your hand. What should you do first?

Hold it under cool running water for 10-20 minutes

300

The letters R.I.C.E. stand for the treatment of a sprain.

What is Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation?

400

A hiker falls and their arm looks bent and swollen. They say it hurts to move. What should you do?

Keep it still, support it with a splint or sling, apply a wrapped cold pack, and get medical help

500

After a bike crash, a person is pale, sweaty, cold to the touch, breathing fast, and feels faint. What is the best response?

Call 911, help them lie down, keep them warm, and raise their legs if there's no head, neck, back, or leg injury

Outdoor Safety

100

What is the most important thing to do BEFORE heading out on a hike?

Tell a trusted person your route, who's going, and when you'll be back

200

A skier falls and is hurt on a busy slope. What should you do to keep them safe from other skiers?

Cross skis or poles in an X uphill of them and send someone to alert ski patrol

300

You realize you're lost on a hike. What does the safety rule "STOP" tell you to do?

Stop, Think, Observe, Plan

400

On a hot summer hike, a friend is sweating heavily, dizzy, and has a headache, but is still alert. What is the best action?

Move them to shade, have them rest, cool them with wet cloths, and give small sips of water

500

It's getting dark and cold. You've twisted your ankle on a trail, your group has gone ahead, and you have no cell service. You have a jacket, a whistle, and a backpack. What is the BEST plan?

Stay put, put on all your layers, insulate from the ground, rest your ankle, and signal for help with three whistle blasts or a light

Emergent Scenarios

100

Someone collapses on a hiking trail and isn’t breathing normally. What do you do?

1. Check that the scene is safe.
2. Tap their shoulders and shout, “Are you okay?”
3. Send someone to call 911 and get an AED. If you’re alone, call 911 on speaker.
4. Start chest compressions: hands on the center of the chest, push hard and fast (100-120 per minute), about 2 inches deep for an adult.
5. When the AED arrives, turn it on, attach the pads, and follow its voice prompts. Make sure no one is touching the person when it analyzes or shocks.
6. Keep doing CPR until help arrives or the person starts breathing.

200

A hiker slips and gets a deep, bleeding cut on the leg

1. Make sure the area is safe, and put on gloves if you have them.
2. Press firmly on the wound with a clean cloth or gauze. Don’t remove it if blood soaks through. Add more on top.
3. Keep steady pressure, and raise the leg if it doesn’t cause more pain.
4. Wrap the cloth snugly with a bandage or strip of clothing.
5. Call 911 if bleeding is heavy or won’t stop.
6. Keep the person lying down and warm, and watch for dizziness or pale skin (signs of shock).

300

Scenario 3: A skier crashes into a tree and won’t move, complaining of neck pain.

1. Stop and make sure you’re out of the path of other skiers. Mark the spot with crossed skis uphill of the person.
2. Tell them not to move their head or neck. Don’t try to sit them up or remove their helmet.
3. Send someone to alert ski patrol or call 911 and give the exact location (trail name or marker number).
4. Keep them warm with extra jackets, but don’t move them.
5. Stay with them and keep talking calmly until ski patrol arrives.
6. If they stop breathing, begin CPR (ski patrol or 911 can guide you).

400

Scenario 4: A friend’s fingers are white and numb after hours in the cold (frostbite), and they’re shivering.

1. Get them indoors or out of the wind and cold.
2. Remove wet gloves, socks, and tight rings.
3. Warm the area gently with body heat (such as fingers tucked in armpits) or lukewarm water, not hot water.
4. Don’t rub the skin or use snow, and don’t use direct heat like a fire or heating pad, since numb skin burns easily.
5. Wrap them in dry blankets and give warm drinks if they’re alert.
6. Get medical help. Frostbite that is white, hard, or blistered needs a doctor.

500

Scenario 5: A thunderstorm rolls in while your group is hiking above the tree line.

1. Don’t wait. Lightning can strike miles ahead of a storm. If you hear thunder, head down right away.
2. Get off ridges, peaks, and open areas. Stay away from lone tall trees, water, and metal objects like trekking poles.
3. If you can’t reach a building or car, crouch low on the balls of your feet with your feet together, and spread your group at least 50 feet apart.
4. Wait about 30 minutes after the last thunder before going back out.
5. If someone is struck, call 911. They don’t carry electric charge, so it’s safe to help. Check breathing and start CPR if needed.