Meanings
What is sub-culture
a group of people within a larger culture which has its own distinctive norms and values
What is self fulfilling prophecy
when people are aware of certain expectations and so they act in ways that makes those expectations come true
Explain feminism
Feminism is a perspective that argues society is based on patriarchy, a system where men hold the power and dominate women. In the study of crime, feminists point out that mainstream sociology is male-centered and ignores women. They argue that women commit less crime due to stricter social control at home and in public,
What type of punishment involves refraining the offender from committing the offence again
Detterence
Name all types of social formal control
-police -courts -armed forces -government -penal system
What is ostracism
the exclusion of someone from a community or group
What is deviancy amplification
when the response to norm breaking behaviour leads to more of that behaviour
Explain Marsxism
Marxists argue that laws are made by the state and reflect ruling-class interests. Instead of protecting everyone, the legal system acts as an agent of social control designed to protect private property and elite wealth.
What is Retribution
Punishment is used to make the offender suffer for what they have done
(revenge)
All types of informal social controls
-family -education- workplaces -peer groups - media -religion
What is conformity
behaviour that follows the usual standards expected by a group or society
What is stereotyping
applying and acting upon an oversimplified set of ideas about a particular type of person or group
Explain functionalism
Functionalism is a perspective that argues society is based on shared values and agreement. It views crime as an inevitable part of society that can actually be useful. While too much crime harms social order, a limited amount of crime helps reinforce social rules
Whats the most extreme form of incapacitation
Death penalty
Name 3 types of crime
eg: Violent crime, Property crime, & Green crime
What are vigilante groups
self appointed people with no legal authority who punish people they believe are offenders
What is prejudice
an unfair and unreasonable opinion or feeling, especially about a particular group of people, that is formed without knowledge and often based on stereotypes
Explain interactionism
Interactionism is a perspective that argues no act is inherently criminal. Instead, an act only becomes deviant when society labels it as such. It focuses on how the reactions of others, especially powerful groups like the police shape a person's identity and lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
How do you prevent the offender from commiting further crimes by changing their attitudes and behaviour
Rehabilitation
Explain Victim survey
A victim survey is a research method that asks a sample of the population directly about what crimes they have been a victim of over a set period of time. A famous example of this is the CSEW (Crime Survey for England and Wales)
What is moral panic
exaggerated social reaction to deviance, usually fuelled by the media, that creates demand for action
Whats is chivalry thesis
the theory that women are treated more leniently than men within the criminal justice system
Explain postmordernism
shows a shift toward a highly diverse, fragmented, and unstable society. This viewpoint emphasizes that individuals construct identities through personal choice, consumption, and lifestyle rather than through traditional social structures.
Explain Protection of citizens
Protection of citizens is an approach to crime control that focuses on making society safer by physically preventing crime and shielding individuals from victimization. It relies heavily on formal social control
Name 5 types of punishments
- community punishments -prison -probation -police caution -exile & ostracism