Criminal Body
A modern, Classical School–based framework for explaining crime that includes the traditional formal deterrence aspects as well as informal factors that have been shown to consistently and strongly influence behavior
Based on Becker’s typology, an individual who has been identified as disobeying the rules but did not violate the rules
What is falsely accused?
A learning model that assumes that animals, as well as people, learn through associations between stimuli and responses
What is classical conditioning?
Criminal behavior theories that assume that most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to oppress other groups
What is conflict theory?
A perspective on criminal offending that assumes that many offenders believe in a normative system distinctly different from and often at odds with conventional norms
What is cultural/subcultural theory?
A theory of crime associated with the Classical School; proposes that individuals make rational decisions regarding their behavior
In strain theory, an adaptation to strain in which an individual buys into conventional goals (wealth, success, etc.) but does not buy into conventional means of attaining them (work, school, etc.)
A theory of criminal behavior that emphasizes various types of social learning, specifically classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling
Vold argued that people’s lives are a part, and a product, of their group associations; groups come into conflict with one another due to conflicting and competitive interests
What is group-conflict theory?
An individual’s behavior is presumed to be due to the three aspects of his or her personality: the id, ego, and superego.
What is psychoanalytic perspective?
Studies of crime that focus on the genetic makeup of individuals, with a specific focus on chromosomal abnormalities
What is cytogenetic studies?
The scientific study of crime and the reasons why people engage (or don’t engage) in criminal behavior
What is criminology?
The belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development
A primary measure of crime in the United States; collected by the DOJ and the Census Bureau, based on interviews with victims of crime
What is National Crime Victimization Survey?
The only conscious domain of the psyche; according to Freud, it functions to mediate the battle between id and superego.
What is ego?
These are naturally occurring chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric signals from one neuron to another.
What is neurotransmitters?
This type of analysis focuses on crime places. One major aspect is mapping crimes, which illustrates the location of crimes, the distance between them, the direction in which the crimes seem to be moving, and other patterns
What is spatial analysis?
A theory that suggests that individuals, especially in their teenage years and early adulthood, make excuses to alleviate their guilt about committing certain criminal acts.
What is techniques of neutralization?
This concept refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim, community, and offender
What is restorative justice?
A theory that proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not; those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life
What is low self-control?
The portion of the nervous system that controls our anxiety levels, such as the fight-or-flight response, as well as our involuntary motor activities (e.g., heart rate)
What is autonomic nervous system?
In labeling theory, this refers to the serious, frequent offenses people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders.
What is secondary deviance?
This includes deterring factors—such as family, church, or friends—that do not involve official aspects of criminal justice, such as police, courts, and corrections (e.g., prisons)
What is informal deterrence?
An Enlightenment ideal or assumption that stipulates an unspecified arrangement among citizens in which they promise the state or government not to commit offenses against other citizens, and, in turn, to gain protection from being violated by other citizens
What is social contract?
According to somatotyping, the body type associated with an emphasis on the outer layer of tissue (ectoderm) during embryonic development.
What is ectomorphic?