The Classics
Sociological Criminology
Choices
Who am I
Biology and Crime
100
People choose to act when, after weighing costs and benefits, they believe that their actions will bring them an increase in pleasure and a reduction in pain
What is utilitarian calculus
100
This person, considered one of the founders of sociology, stated that crime is part of human nature because it has existed during periods of both poverty and prosperity
Who is Emile Durkheim
100
The view that crime is a function of a decision-making process in which the potential offender weighs the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act
What is rational choice theory
100
A psychological predisposition to commit anti-social acts because of an id-dominated personality that renders an individual incapable of controlling impulsive, pleasure-seeking drives
What is latent delinquency
100
This is the branch of social science, coined by August Comte, that uses the scientific method of the natural sciences and suggests that human behavior is a product of social, biological, psychological or economic forces
What is positivism
200
Eighteenth-century social thinkers believed that criminals choose to commit crime and that crime can be controlled by judicious punishment
What is classical criminology
200
A social structure that places people along a status-based hierarchy.  In the U.S., status is based primarily on wealth, power, and prestige
What is stratified society
200
This crime expert stated that violence is a matter of choice and serves the specific goals of control, retribution, deterrence and reputation
Who is Richard Felson
200
This branch of psychology holds that the human personality is controlled by unconscious mental processes developed early in childhood
What is psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory
200
Methods such as Lavater's study of facial features of shapes of ears, nose and distance between the eyes; Gall and Spurzheim's study of the shape of the skull to determine antisocial and/or criminal behavior are a part of this 
What is biological positivism
300
This eighteenth-century social philosopher stated the four main objectives of punishment are: (1) to prevent all criminal offenses; (2) when it cannot prevent a crime, to convince the offender to commit a less serious crime; (3) to ensure that a criminal uses no more force than is necessary and (4) to prevent crime as cheaply as possible
Who is Jeremy Bentham
300
The emotional turmoil and conflict caused when people believe they cannot achieve their desires and goals through legitimate means.  Members of the lower class might feel strain because they are denied access to adequate educational opportunities and social support
What is strain
300

In 1992, Ronald Clarke formed this model that states the appropriation of property is most likely to occur when the target is concealable, removable, available, valuable, enjoyable, and disposable

What is the CRAVED model of theft

300
The study of the perception of reality and of the mental processes required to understand the world in which we live
What is cognitive theory
300
This physician states that physical characteristics that distinguish born criminals from the general population and are throwbacks to animals or primitive people
Who is Cesare Lombroso
400
This social philosopher stated that punishment must be proportional to the seriousness of crime and his writings are credited with the elimination of torture and severe punishment in the nineteenth century
Who is Cesare Beccaria
400
Branch of social structure theory that sees strain and social disorganization together resulting in a unique lower-class culture that conflicts with conventional social norms 
What is cultural deviance theory
400
In his book Doing Justice, Andrew von Hirsch stated that the severity of punishment should be commensurate with the seriousness of the crime
What is just desert
400
This view states that mental or physical traits may predispose a person toward violence, but activating a person's violent tendencies is achieved by factors in the environment either directly or indirectly, where interactions that are rewarded are copied, while those that are punished are avoided
What is social learning theory
400
The three paths that the association between neurological disorder and anti-social behaviors  
What are direct association, indirect association and interactive cause
500

Rehabilitation was the major focus until this political scientist wrote Thinking About Crime stating crime was not due to poverty and encouraged incarceration.  This author's book is the basis for conservative views in 1980's that led to U.S. mandatory prison sentences

Who is James Q. Wilson
500
This theorist expounded upon Emile Durkheim's concept with the theory of anomie, a belief that culturally defined goals and socially approved means for obtaining them are two elements that interact. He coined conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism and rebellion as modes of adaptation  
Who is Robert Merton
500
The general deterrence theory states that crime can be controlled by the threat and/or application of criminal punishment; while this view states that if experienced punishment is severe enough, convicted offenders will be deterred from repeating their criminal activity 
What is specific deterrence
500
Crime control that may be a requirement of a probation order, part of a diversionary sentence, or aftercare at the end of a prison sentence
What are tertiary prevention programs
500
The individual vulnerability model assumes there is a direct link between traits and crime; some people are vulnerable to crime from birth; while in contrast, the view has a belief that there is an indirect association between traits and crime
What is differential susceptibility model
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