Early philosophers
Criminal theories
Durkheim/Merton
Supreme Court cases
Grab-bag
100
What is the state of nature?
A state that precedes government and authority
100
Classical school of criminology assumes that all human being are rational and looks at ___ and ____ of committing a crime before going through with it
Costs and benefits
100
What is anomie?
A state of normlessness
100
What did the Sentencing Reform act of 1984 enforce that was later found to be unconstitutional?
Mandatory sentencing
100
How long did the Stanford prison experiment last before it had to be terminated?
Six days
200
Both Hobbes and Locke concentrated on the concept of civilized societies and how individuals have to give up some of their rights in order to receive protection. What is this concept called?
Social contract
200
According to the broken windows theory, which house will be vandalized first, a house in an ok neighborhood that's had graffiti on it for several months or a house in a ghetto neighborhood that has owners who paint over graffiti immediately.
House with graffiti
200
According to Durkheim, what is an altruistic suicide?
An individual is overwhelmed by a group’s goals and beliefs. Generally happens in societies that are so highly integrated that individuals are seen less important than society as a whole. In some cases, individuals are expected to kill themselves on behalf of society. Excess integration
200
What is/are the crime/s that are punishable by the death penalty?
Murder/homicide
200
What is one of the criminal theories that explains victimization rather than criminality?
Lifestyle theory
300
The philosopher that argued against the death penalty while contending that every punishment needs to be swift, certain, and severe.
Cesare Beccaria
300
Shaw and McKay discovered that bad neighborhoods don't have high crime rates due to the various ethnicities occupying them but rather due to the neighborhood itself. This is the _____ ______ theory.
Cultural deviance
300
In Merton's deviance typology, what is innovation?
Accept cultural goals, reject institutionalized means
300
Cruz v. Beto dealt with religion in prisons. What was the outcome?
What is required of prisons is access to places of worship and opportunities to practice one’s faith, not equal treatment
300
What are the five methods of execution legal in the United States?
Lethal injection, electrocution, gas chamber, firing squad, hanging.
400
"Each individual is seen but cannot see" comes out of which of Bentham's major works?
Panopticon
400
Marx wrote at length about the gap between the rich and the poor. In the conflict theory he accuses ____ of being the catalyst of all criminality.
Capitalism
400
Where on Merton's deviance typology would an off-the-grid individual interested in subsisting off the land and not engaging with the government be?
Retreatism
400
Bell v. Wolfish was an important case that dealt with conditions of confinement. How was this case different than most other cases regarding conditions of confinement?
It dealt with pretrial detainees
400
What is the most important tenet from Sutherland's Differential Association theory?
Crime is learned
500
2 part: What is physiognomy and who was the early philosopher who used it to determine criminality?
Assessment of a person’s personality based on their physical characteristics, especially their faces Cesare Lombroso
500
Which part of the labeling process changes primary deviance to secondary deviance?
Formal sanctions
500
What main conclusions did Durkheim arrive at in The Rules of Sociological Method?
Crime is a problem for all societies Crime is constantly increasing Crime is normal Crime is a way to create change
500
What is the maximum constitutional penalty for child rape?
Life without parole
500
2 part: What is the principle of utility and who was the early philosopher who used it in his writings?
Principle of utility – principles which approves or disapproves of every action whatsoever, according to the tendency which is appears to have to augment or diminish the happiness of the party whose interest is in question Jeremy Bentham
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