C1
nitroglycerine or long-acting isosorbide, reduce peripheral resistance systemically, and therefore the workload of the heart
vasodilator
Warning signs of heart attack:
1) feeling of pressure, heaviness, or burning in chest
2) sudden SOB, diaphoresis, weakness, fatigue
3) nausea, indigestion
4) anxiety and fear
Death of the cardiac muscle due to ischemia
Myocardial infarction
What main condition is a vasodilator used in? What is it called?
angina pectoris; Nitroglycerine
Which type of angina is characterized by prolonged pain at rest and of recent onset, perhaps the result of a break in an atheroma. This may precede an MI.
Unstable angina
What are the two classifications of MI's
STEMI or non-STEMI
(ST elevation)
Angina occurs when there is a deficit of...
oxygen to the heart muscle
How is nitroglycerine administered?
Sublingually (under tongue)
What may the reduced blood supply in angina be caused by?
partial obstruction by atherosclerosis or spasm in the coronary arteries
What type of angina is characterized by exertion?
classic or exertional angina
What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers?
block the beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and prevent the SNS from increasing heart activity
What does variant angina refer to..
vasospasm at rest
Which type of MI is related to total obstruction of a coronary artery?
Type I MI
What is associated with 160-350 BPM?
atrial flutter
Block the movement of calcium ions into the cardiac and smooth muscle fibers. May decrease cardiac contractility, as an antidysrhythmic particularly for excessive atrial activity, or as an antihypertensive and vasodilator.
Calcium channel blocker
In the Mobitz Type II Heart Block, what is the PR ratio like?
even! then a dropped QRS complex (3:1 ratio usually)
Treatment for heart failure and as an anti-arrhythmic drug for atrial dysrhythmias. Slow conduction of impulses and heart rate. Improves efficiency of the heart (inotropic).
Digoxin
Metoprolol or atenolol are used to treat hypertension and dysrhythmias, as well as to reduce the number of angina attacks.
Beta blockers
What is associate with a rate of >350 BPM?
atrial fibrillation
1) pulmonary valve stenosis
2) ventricular septal defect
3) dextroposition of the aorta - to the right over the VSD
4) right ventricular hypertrophy
Usually the heart can adapt its blood supply to its needs by vasodilation, unless...
(think vessels)
the walls are damaged or cannot relax
Further, further, drop (which type arrhythmia)?
Wenckebach (Mobitz type I)
A right to left shunt means _______ enters the left side of the heart.
deoxygenated blood
Drug that lowers BP:
antihypertensive
Left to right shunt would increase blood volume in the _____ circulation, and a decreased _______ _________
pulmonary; cardiac output