Cell-Cycle Regulation
These proteins regulate progression through the cell cycle by activating specific enzymes.
What are cyclins
These genes normally help prevent uncontrolled cell division (the brakes of the cell cycle)
What are tumor suppressor genes
This is the enzyme responsible for the transcription of DNA into mRNA
What is RNA polymerase
This is the study of changes in organisms caused by modification of gene expression, by epigenetic tags, rather than changes in the genetic code.
What is epigenetics
These enzymes are activated when bound to cyclins.
What are cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)
This type of gene promotes cell division; a mutation can make it overactive and contribute to cancer.
What are proto-oncogenes
These are proteins that regulate gene expression by binding to the promotor sequence.
What are transcription factors.
The addition of this -CH3 epigenetic tag will suppress the gene's expression
What is a methyl group
The cell cycle is regulated at these points, where the cell checks whether conditions are suitable to continue.
What are checkpoints
These are mutated proto-oncogenes that can cause unregulated cell growth.
What are oncogenes
These are types of transcription factors that can either promote or inhibit gene expression
What are activators and repressors.
This is when epigenetic tags remain on DNA during gamete formation and are passed to offspring
What is Genomic Imprinting
These are the checkpoint locations around the cell.
What are G1, G2, and M
This term describes the spread of cancer cells from their original site to other parts of the body.
What is metastasis
These are the enzymes that can break down mRNA, reducing the rate of translation in the cell
What are nucleases
Methylation can occur on the DNA or these proteins
What are histones
This mechanism prevents damaged DNA from being passed on by stopping the cell cycle or triggering cell death.
What is apoptosis
This is the formula for calculating mitotic index.
What is:
Number of cells in Mitosis/Number of total cells
These are the three post-transcriptional modifications made to pre-mRNA
What is addition of 5' cap, 3' poly-A tail, and removal of introns
These are examples of ways that the environment can affect the epigenome.
What are diet, smoking, air pollution, stress.