Pathophysiology
A patient is dehydrated after prolonged exercise. Which physiological change is most likely occurring in their blood?
A) Decreased Osmolarity
B) Increased Osmolarity
C) Decreased Sodium Concentration
D) Increased Plasma Volume
B) Increased Osmolarity
What are the three subatomic particles?
Which electrolyte plays the most significant role in establishing the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
Potassium (K+)
What does the suffix “-itis” mean?
Inflammation
What is DNA?
A molecule carries genetic information in nearly all living organisms
A patient with untreated type 1 diabetes presents with rapid breathing and fruity-smelling breath. What is the main cause of these symptoms?
A) Respiratory Alkalosis
B) Excess Ketone Production leading to Metabolic Acidosis
C) Hyperinsulinemia
D) Increased Glucose Uptake by Cells
B) Excess Ketone Production leading to Metabolic Acidosis
What is the correct formula for ammonium phosphate?
(NH4)3 PO4
What hormone, released from the posterior pituitary, directly increases water reabsorption in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
What does the medical term “bradycardia“ mean?
Abnormally slow heart rate
What is translation?
Process that occurs when genetic information is used to builds a protein by converting mRNA codons into a sequence of amino acids at the ribosome
A) Increased oncotic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
B) Decreased hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries
C) Increased hydrostatic pressure due to left-sided pump failure
D) Increased lymphatic drainage
C) Increased hydrostatic pressure due to left-sided pump failure
What halogen is commonly used to prevent tooth decay?
Fluorine
The sinoatrial (SA) node
What is a nephrectomy?
Surgical removal of a kidney
What is autosomal recessive inheritance?
Pattern of inheritance that requires two recessive alleles for a trait to be expressed
A 74-year-old man is brought in because he has been increasingly forgetful, has difficulty walking with a broad-based shuffling gait, and recently developed urinary incontinence. He describes his conditions as feeling “wet, wobbly, and wacky.” What condition best explains his symptoms?
A) Alzheimer’s Disease
B) Parkinson’s disease
C) Normal pressure hydrocephalus
D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
C) Normal pressure hydrocephalus
What is the name for the number of atoms present in exactly 12 grams of Carbon-12?
Avogadro’s Number
What structure in the kidney is responsible for the initial filtration of blood plasma from the glomerulus into the nephron?
Bowman’s capsule
What does the term “hemiparesis“ mean?
Partial weakness on one side of the body
What is messenger RNA (mRNA)?
Type of RNA that carries genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis
A 62-year-old man comes to the clinic because he has been experiencing dry eyes, difficulty urinating, and trouble climbing stairs over the past several weeks. He says it feels like his body is “drying out,” and his muscles fatigue quickly. His symptoms remind you of the classic phrase “can’t see, can‘t pee, can‘t climb a tree.” What underlying process best explains his condition?
A) Autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction
B) Anticholinergic toxicity leading to decreased parasympathetic activity
C) Demyelination of peripheral motor neurons
D) Excess acetylcholine causing continuous muscle contraction
B) Anticholinergic toxicity leading to decreased parasympathetic activity
What principle states that for a reaction at equilibrium, an increase in temperature will favor the endothermic direction?
Le Chatelier’s Principle
What is the name of the connective tissue layer that surrounds an individual muscle fiber?
The endomysium
What does the term “otolaryngology” mean?
The study of the ear, nose, and throat
What is mismatch repair (DNA proofreading system)?
This DNA repair mechanism uses a newly synthesized strand as a template to correct errors made during DNA replication, helping maintain genetic stability