Introduction
What was the research method AND research design used in this study?
Lab Experiment and Repeated Measures Design
What were participants not allowed to have?
caffeine and alcohol
For study 2's results, what was the percentage of accurate guessing of 5 minute REM duration?
88%
How is conducting the experiment in a lab beneficial?
It is highly controlled. It can help in controlling extraneous variables which makes the study more valid and reliable.
Name all the issues and debates involved in this study
- Application of psychology to everyday life
- Nature vs nurture
Which approach does this study support?
Biological
State any 2 eye pattern movements recorded in the 3rd aim
mainly vertical, mainly horizontal, both vertical and horizontal or little to no movement
What was the dream content when the participants had horizontal eye movements?
Participants dreamt that people were throwing tomatoes at each other.
The EEG machine used in this study provided the chance for experiments to have ____________.
An objective way to analyze dreams
How can this be applied to everyday life?
The EEG can accurately detect dreaming,so can be useful for people with sleep and dream disorder
What was another research method used for this study?
Self-report, correlation, and/or interview
Because the participants' were aware they were being observed as they slept, this makes it a(n)...:
Overt Observation
True or False?
We have better dream recall in nREM than in REM
False
What were the ethical issues involved?
Protection from psycho. harm - Disrupted sleep interferes with their daily living/concentration.
Confidentiality - All participants identity was confidential, used initials.
Deception - One participant was lied to about when they would be woken up.
Explain the individual and situations debate for this study
There was no individual or situational debate in this study.
Explain the sample used for this study.
7 males 2 females. Only 5 of them were studied in detail, and the other 4 were used to confirm the results of the first 5.
The 5 P's were woken up in different ways. Tell me how 1 of them was woken up.
At random
In groups of 3. Like first 3 in REM and the next 3 in nREM
They told the participants that they would only be woken in REM, but then they randomly chose when to wake them up.
No specific order
What were the 4 eye-movement pattern types?
1. Vertical movement
2. Horizontal movement
3. Mixed eye movement
4. Little to no eye movement
Explain the ecological validity of this study.
- Low ecological validity as it took place in a lab environment which is an artificial setting and an unrealistic environment for real life.
How could nature vs nurture be applied here?
Nature - The ability to dream and experience REM & nREM are universal.
Nurture - Our sleeping environment or other environmental factors (stressors, experiences, temperature, etc.) can affect our sleep.
State the IV and DV for any aim
For the first aim- The IV was whether participants were woken up in REM or NREM and the DV was how well they recalled their dream.
For the second aim- the IV was whether participants were woken up after 15 or 5 mins in REM sleep. The DV was whether their subjective guess of the estimated duration of their sleep
For the third aim- the IV was their eye-movement pattern type (not something an experimenter can control) and the DV was the dream content.
Explain how is this experiment highly controlled.
No caffeine
No alcohol
Woken up by a doorbell which was loud enough to rouse them immediately from any sleep stage.
Placement of the electrodes on their scalp and near their eyes.
Reports were NOT counted as dreams if they could just remember they had a dream, but not remember what the content was. It was not counted if they had a vague impression of the dream.
State one of the three conclusions.
Dreaming is reported in REM but not in nREM.
Participants can judge their dream duration – dreams progress in ‘real-time’.
Eye movement patterns relate to dream content.
How does this study have reliability?
- It has high reliability due to the level of controls and standardization since it is a lab experiment, making it more likely to get similar results if replicated.
True or False?
Animals do not demonstrate REM sleep
False.
All animals/mammals demonstrate REM sleep.