Quick Facts
How many main types of diabetes mellitus?
Two types:
Type 1:
Autoimmune → lack of endogenous insulin
→ insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)
Type 2:
Insulin deficiency or insulin resistant
→ adult onset diabetes or noninsulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM)
Normal fasting glucose level
<100 mg/dL
2 drug classes that have CVD benefit for diabetes patients
SGLT2 inhibitor & GLP-1 RA
Which nutrient in food is most closely related to blood glucose level?
Carbohydrate
Which type of diabete mellitus is more common?
Type 2
What is normal A1c level?
A1c <5.7%
2 medications with very high weight loss efficacy
tirzepatide & semaglutide
How many minutes of exercise are recommended per week for type 1 & type 2 diabetes patients?
150 min/week
Which type of diabetes mellitus must have insulin as 1st line treatment?
Type 1
In order to diagnosis of diabetes, how many different blood glucose readings are required?
3 readings on 3 different occasions
Which of the following is/are true about metformin? (select all that apply)
A)It is an inexpensive treatment for diabetes.
B)It may be safely used in patients with eGFR as low as 30 ml/min/1.73m2.
C)One of the common side effects includes weight gain.
D)It does not have cardiovascular benefits.
A & B
Provide 2 dietary recommendations for diabetes patients
-Mediterranean diet
-Lower overall carbohydrate intake
-Nonstarchy vegetables, fruits, legumes, and whole grains, as well as dairy products
3 P's symptoms of diabetes mellitus
Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia
What is the goal for A1c level based on ADA Guidelines?
A1c <7%
What are the steps of intensifying injectable therapies?
1) Consider GLP-1 RAs prior to initiating insulin
2) Add basal insulin
3) Add prandial insulin
How many drinks of alcohol are recommended per day for male and female diabetic patients?
List at least 3 complication of T2DM
Complications:
Convert A1c level to estimate level of blood glucose
A1c level = 6%
eAG = (A1c – 2) x 30
eAG = (6-2) x 30 = 120 mg/dL
List at least 3 counseling points for insulin injection
-Rotate injection sites
-Gently roll the insulin suspensions before administration
-Don't share insulin needles/pens/catridges with others
-Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia (e.g. dizziness, shakiness, sweating)
1/2 of the plate for nonstarchy vegetables
1/4 of the plate for protein
1/4 of the plate for carbohydrates