Diet Studies
Why would a female population consume a diet for a shorter time period than a male population?
To control for the effects of the menstrual cycle.
What is the spillover effect?
Adipocytes can no longer store triglycerides, so the triglycerides "spillover" into the bloodstream, ending up in the liver and muscle cells.
The Mediterranean diet encourages increased consumption of what 2 liquids?
Bonus 100 points for naming 2 positive outcomes.
Olive oil and red wine.
Lowers CVD/cancer risk, promotes weight loss, lower blood glucose, insulin and inflammation markers
A client's glucose AUC is 100 and their test food AUC is 50. What is the glycemic index of the food? Is it low, medium, or high?
50. (50/100 = .5 x 100 = 50)
Low GI.
If I want to lower my blood pressure, what is one dietary recommendation you can provide?
DASH diet- limit meat, eggs, sodium, saturated fat
Eat more fruits, veggies, low-fat dairy
DOUBLE JEOPARDY!!!
Why do low carb diets result in greater weight loss than low fat diets?
Loss of glycogen stores causes loss of water weight.
What is insulin resistance? Use the key, lock, door metaphor.
100 bonus points for saying what causes IR.
The key (insulin) doesn't unlock the lock (insulin receptor because it is broken, therefore the door (GLUT4) can't open and allow glucose into the cell.
Excess triglycerides in liver/muscle tissue disrupts the insulin receptors.
The original intent of the DASH diet was to focus
on reducing the intake of __ and __.
Bonus 50 points for saying what DASH stands for.
Sodium and saturated fat.
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension
What is the glycemic load of a 27g apple? Its glycemic index is 75. Is this low, medium, or high?
20.25 (27g x 75 = 2,025 / 100 = 20.25)
High GL
What diet does this food list follow?
Legumes, grains, mango, kale, sea bass, yogurt, cabernet sauvignon
Mediterranean Diet
Did the very low carb diet or the low fat diet result in more weight loss?
100 bonus points for each reason why.
Very low carb diet resulted in more weight loss due to inhibited appetite, low glycemic nature causing lower blood glucose spikes, and greater thermic effect of protein.
What disease, not diabetes, can be caused by the spillover effect?
Fatty liver disease/cirrhosis
Aside from increased ghrelin and decreased leptin, what can molecule can cause decreased appetite?
Ketones
What are the healthy levels for blood triglycerides and fasting blood glucose?
Bonus 100 points for naming the "high" triglyceride value.
TG: healthy- under 100 mg/dL. high- over 150 mg/dL
FBG: under 125 mg/dL
If a person was eating 2,846 kcal/day, how much would they need to cut out to see a reduction in their resting metabolic rate?
Need to cut 1,646 kcal. (2,846 - 1,200 = 1,646)
Were postprandial triglycerides lower with the very low carb diet or the low fat diet?
Bonus 100 points for saying why.
Lower with the very low carb diet due to increased muscle LPL activity, causing more TG uptake at the muscle, so less TG in the blood.
How can blood triglyceride levels increase due to insulin resistance?
Why are low fat diets easier to adhere to than low carb diets?
Hunger is typically lower in low fat diets because you're consuming more carbs (which have a higher level of satiety than fats).
An individual's blood glucose spiked at 300 mg/dL after consuming a glucose solution and 165 mg/dL after consuming an apple. Where does the apple fall on the glycemic index scale?
When consuming 20g of the apple, where does it fall on the glycemic load scale?
Low GI (165/300=.55 x 100= 55)
Medium GL (55 x 20= 1,100 / 100 = 11)
What type of diet (eg. low fat-high carb) would you recommend to someone looking to reduce their fat mass?
100 bonus for explanation.
Low carb/very low carb.
Hunger is inhibited by ketone production and low glycemic nature.
Why is a very low carb diet more cardioprotective than a low fat diet?
Must be specific. 100 bonus for super specific.
Increase in cholesterol rich HDL due to higher muscle LPL activity, causing less triglycerides in the bloodstream. This lowers risk for CVD due to less VLDL/LDL being produced by the liver, causing plaque to stop up arteries.
Explain why HDL becomes less effective when there is an excess of triglycerides in the blood.
Must be specific for points.
Excess triglycerides in the blood causes an increase in chylomicrons and VLDL, which triggers the CETP enzyme on HDL to take in more triglycerides and lose cholesterol. The HDL becomes triglyceride rich is consumed when it reaches the liver, instead of being able to re-enter the bloodstream and collect LDL.
Name at least 3 issues with very low calorie diets.
100 bonus for each additional issue named.
Puts the body in a state of starvation.
Loss of lean/muscle mass
Risk of sarcopenia in older adults
Can cause gallstones, gout, sudden cardiac death
Moderate side effects of fatigue, dizziness, constipation, menstrual irregularity, edema, cold intolerance
Decreased metabolic rate
Difficulty in keeping off lost weight/achieving weight loss goal
If a 600 pound individual goes on a very low calorie diet, what weight range can they expect to be in at the end of the diet?
450-510 lbs
600 x .15 = 90
600 x .25 = 150
600-90=510
600-150=450
If a 200 kg person is going on a very low calorie diet, what should their daily protein intake be to avoid lean mass loss?
240 g/day (200 kg x 1.2 g/kgbw = 240g)