Mouth & Teeth
Which teeth are used for cutting food?
Incisors
Which salivary gland is the largest?
Parotid gland
Which sphincter prevents stomach acid from refluxing upward?
Lower Esophageal Sphincter (LES)
What acid is secreted by the stomach?
Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
What process physically breaks food into smaller pieces?
Mechanical digestion
Which teeth are designed to tear food?
Canines
Which gland is located beneath the tongue?
Sublingual gland
What condition is commonly called acid reflux?
GERD
What substance protects vitamin B12 for later absorption?
Intrinsic factor
What process breaks food down using enzymes?
Chemical digestion
Which teeth crush food?
Premolars
Which gland secretes both mucus and enzymes?
Submandibular gland
What condition develops when the stomach protrudes through the diaphragm?
Hiatal hernia
What is the mixture of food and gastric juice called?
Chyme
What movement propels food through the GI tract?
Peristalsis
What is the name of the chewed mass of food ready to be swallowed?
Bolus
What base is found in saliva that helps neutralize acids?
Sodium bicarbonate
Untreated GERD may lead to what precancerous condition?
Barrett's Esophagus
What bacterium causes most ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
What movement mixes food with digestive juices?
Segmentation
What enzyme begins carbohydrate digestion in the mouth?
Salivary amylase
Mumps causes swelling of which salivary gland?
Parotid gland
What instrument is used to visualize the esophagus and stomach?
Endoscope
What sphincter controls movement of chyme into the small intestine?
Pyloric sphincter
What is the final step of digestion where waste exits the body?
Elimination (defecation)