The step in PCR, when the temperature in the PCR machine is raised to 96 degrees C, and the DNA’s hydrogen bonds are broken.
What is denaturing?
100
Two individuals whose DNA is exactly the same.
What are identical twins?
100
Another term for the PCR machine, (the term is related to its function.)
What is a thermal cycler?
100
Another name for the twisted ladder structure of DNA
What is a double helix?
100
This British scientist developed the DNA fingerprinting technique in 1984.
Dr. Alec Jeffreys
200
The second step in PCR when the primers attach to the segment of DNA to be copied.
What is annealing?
200
A cell structure made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid.
What is a chromosome?
200
During electrophoresis DNA fragments are separated according to their __________.
What is the SIZE of the DNA fragments?
200
In a molecule of DNA, these are either Adenine & Thymine, or Guanine & Cytosine
What are base pairs?
200
The genetic information in this kind of DNA comes only from your mother.
What is mitochondrial DNA?
300
The term for the double-stranded DNA isolated from the cells being studied, (its one of the 4 components needed for the PCR process).
What is a DNA template?
300
A segment of DNA that contains information used to produce a protein or an RNA molecule.
What is a gene?
300
DNA has a backbone that contains phosphate, which gives the molecule this kind of charge.
What is a negative charge?
300
If one section of DNA had the sequence ATGGCT, its compliment would be this.
What is TACCGA?
300
When Alec Jeffreys originally developed DNA fingerprinting he didn't focus on STRs, instead he used these longer sequences of repeating based pairs to differential individuals.
What are VNTRs (variable number tandem repeats?)
400
An enzyme that adds nucleotides to the DNA strand during DNA synthesis.
What is Taq DNA polymerase?
400
A short sequence of repeating base pairs found in non-coding regions of DNA. (The number of these repeating base pairs vary among individuals.)
What are STRs, (short tandem repeats?)
400
A standard used in electrophoresis that supplies DNA fragments of a known sizes.
What is a DNA ladder?
400
A molecule of DNA is sometimes called a twisted ladder, the sides of the ladder are called this.
What is the backbone?
400
DNA contains genes, but they also contain these areas between the genes, where STRs and VNTRS are found.
What are non-coding regions of DNA?
500
During this step the reaction mixture is warmed up to 60 degrees C, and free floating nucleotides are synthesized into the correct positions along the DNA template.
What is extension?
500
An alternative form of a gene. For example, a gene for human hair color could have two of these, one that causes red hair and one that causes brown hair.
What is an allele?
500
The gel used in electrophoresis is commonly made of this.
What is agarose?
500
The percentage of genes that are the same in everyone.
What is 99.9%?
500
DNA must be carefully collected at a crime scene and properly stored in order to avoid this.