Mitosis and cell cycle
List the four steps of mitosis in order
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
What makes up the middle of DNA
Nitrogen bases
DNA --> mRNA is called ______ and happens in the ______
Transcription and Nucleus
to carry amino acids to ribosomes
What is a mutation
Change in DNA
Location of where two sister chromatids combine
Centromere
Adenine pairs with______, Cytosine pairs with_____
Thymine, Guanine
mRNA --> Polypeptide chain is called ________ and happens in the_______
Translation, Ribosome or cytoplasm.
Overall sequence of the Central Dogma
DNA --> ____ --> Amino Acids --> _____
mRNA, Trait
A mutation happens. Which of the 4 macromolecule groups is most likely affected?
Proteins
In which phase of interphase does DNA replication happen?
S phase
What makes up the backbone of DNA
Sugar and Phosphate
AUG Codes for which Amino Acid
Methionine
The code that determines the proteins an organism makes is found on the (inside/outside) of DNA
A mutation results in Alanine changing to Phenlyalanine, what is this affect called?
Missense
Which type of reproduction is Mitosis? Sexual or Asexual? Does that mean that the resulting cells are the same or different?
Asexual - same
What bonds hold the middle of DNA together
Hydrogen
The following DNA strand will result in what mRNA strand: AAA - TAC - TTG
UUU - AUG - AAC
What is the factor that ultimately determines the sequence of amino acids:
A. The type of Amino acids in the cytoplasm
B. The way the ribosome is made
c. The type of cell in which the protein is made
D. The sequence of DNA
D.
An insertion or deletion of a basepair occurs, what type of mutation is this
A frameshift.
At what point in the cell cycle are mutations most likely to occur?
DNA Replication
What Enzyme lays down new bases in DNA Replication?
DNA Polymerase
The following mRNA strand codes for what amino acid sequence?
AAA, CAU, UGU, UGA
Lysine, Asparagine, Cystine, STOP
Mutations occur in _____ (structure) and ____ will ALWAYS be affected, while_______ will sometimes be affected
DNA, mRNA, Amino Acids/Proteins.
Which type of mutation is most harmful? Why?
Frameshift mutations - everything past that point is affected.
Why do cells have many checkpoints before undergoing mitosis?
To make sure the DNA and organelles are properly replicated
What are THREE differences between DNA and RNA
DNA: double stranded, sugar is Deoxyribose, has thyamine.
RNA: single stranded, sugar is ribose, Uracil replaces thyamine.
The following tRNA strand will code for what Amino acids?
AAA, GCA, CAU, CGU, ACC
Phenylalanine, Arginine, Valine, Alanine, Tryptophan
There are 64 codons but only 20 amino acids. What can we determine from this?
Mutations can change DNA without changing the protein.
Rapid unregulated cell division will likely cause. This often is the result of ______ which come from (2 sources)?
Cancer, Mutations, DNA Replication errors, Environmental factors.
tRNA carries _______ to ________ and has a sequence of bases called ________ that will briefly bind to the ______ of mRNA
Amino Acids, Ribosomes, Anti-codon, Codon
What can explain why skin cells produce different enzymes than stomach cells?
Genes in the two types of cells code for different proteins.
Under a highly magnified microscope, you see a healthy poly-peptide chain that is about 20 nanometers long. In the next cell you see the same protein, but it is only 5 nanometers long. What is the most likely cause of this (be specific)?
Nonsense mutation. An Amino Acid has changed to STOP, shortening the chain.