Cell Structure
The fluid substance, mainly composed of water, that forms the main body of the cell
What is cytoplasm?
Discrete subunits of cells that are adapted to perform specific functions
What are organelles?
The weak bonds that form between the hydrogen of a water molecule and the oxygen of another water molecule.
What are hydrogen bonds?
This essential molecule uses ribose sugar in its structure.
What is RNA?
This enzyme separates the strands of DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds
What is helicase?
This is the hypothesized origin of water on Earth.
What are comets/asteroids?
This describes the shape of prokaryotic chromosomes
What is a loop/circle?
This organelle is NOT membrane-bound and is essential for protein synthesis.
What is a ribosome?
This term describes a substance that does not interact well with water, such as oil and other lipids.
What is hydrophobic?
These 3 components are joined together to form a nucleotide.
What are phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base?
The characteristic of DNA replication where each new molecule consists of one original strand and one new strand.
What is semi-conservative?
This theory describes the origin of eukaryotic cells in which one prokaryote engulfed another but then did not digest it.
What is endosymbiosis/endosymbiotic theory?
Name one of the two examples of atypical cells that lack nuclei
What are phloem sieve tube elements or red blood cells?
This type of cell is incapable of compartmentalisation.
What is a prokaryote?
This term describes the ability for a fluid to apply an upwards force on an object that is submerged in it.
What is buoyancy?
This phrase describes to strong covalent bonds making up the sides of the DNA double helix
What is a sugar-phosphate backbone? (or what are phosphodiester bonds?)
This special enzyme is taken from bacteria originating in hot springs and is used in PCR.
What is Taq polymerase?
This is the number of histones found in the main part of one nucleosome
What is 8?
These are the eight functions of life.
What are growth, metabolism, reproduction, nutrition, excretion, homeostasis, movement, and response to stimuli?
These membrane-bound structures isolate hydrolytic enzymes from the rest of the cellular contents, preventing accidental cell damage.
What are lysosomes?
This term describes the unequal sharing of electrons in the covalent bond between hydrogen and oxygen, resulting in partial charges on different parts of the molecule.
What is polar?
These two bases are held together by 3 hydrogen bonds in DNA
What are guanine and cytosine?
This technology separates fragments of DNA by size using an electrical current.
What is gel electrophoresis?
This scientist's research helped to falsify the tetranucleotide hypothesis
Who is Chargaff?
The proteins bound to DNA to form chromosomes within the eukaryotic nucleus.
What are histones?
The process that can happen to mRNA before it meets ribosomes in eukaryotes as a result of nuclear compartment separation.
What is post-transcriptional modification?
This term describes the energy required for a substance to increase its temperature by 1 degree Celsius, and allows fish to have relatively stable habitats in terms of temperature.
What is specific heat capacity?
This type of reaction joins monomers by removing a water molecule to form a covalent bond.
What is a condensation reaction?
This is the second phase of PCR, in which primers form hydrogen bonds with the separated strands.
What is annealing?
This is the specialised organelle of a skeletal muscle fiber from which calcium is released to allow muscle contraction
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?