Chapter 1 & 2
The movement of drugs within the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
What is pharmocokinetics?
This form of tolerance occurs when changes in receptor sensitivity reduce the drug's effect.
What is pharmacodynamic tolerance?
The influx of this ion causes depolarization during an action potential.
What is sodium (Na+)?
The central part of the brain’s reward pathway.
What is the nucleus accumbens?
The main enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the liver.
What is alcohol dehydrogenase?
A reinforcement or punishment that increases or decreases the chance of a behavior happening again.
What is operant conditioning?
The theory that a drug’s initial effect is followed by an opposing process to maintain balance.
What is Opponent Process Theory?
The main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.
What is GABA?
The removal of an aversive stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
These two neurotransmitters are most affected by alcohol’s mechanism of action
What is GABA and Glutamate?
Intravenous and inhalation methods bypass this process, allowing drugs to reach systemic circulation faster.
What is first-pass metabolism?
The period during which no action potential can occur, regardless of stimulus strength.
What is absolute refractory period?
Measures blood oxygen levels and changes in blood flow in the brain.
What is fMRI?
The model that states addiction is caused by genetic predisposition and drug exposure.
What is the Disease model of Addiction?
Symptoms include hand tremors, nausea, headaches, sweating, etc.
What is alcohol withdrawal?
This learning process pairs a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response.
What is classical conditioning?
A condition in which a user’s response to a drug increases with repeated use.
What is sensitization?
Membrane protein that allows cells to communicate through chemical signals.
What is a neuroreceptor?
The theory where drug use is driven by motivation to reduce discomfort.
What is Drive Induction theory?
This type of tolerance develops when the liver increases enzyme activity in response to alcohol use.
What is metabolic (pharmacokinetic) tolerance?
Memory retrieval is most effective when the internal state matches the state during encoding.
What is state-dependent learning?
The nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area (VTA), and prefrontal cortex make up this system.
What is a reward pathway?
A fast-acting receptor that uses ligand-gated ion channels.
What is an ionotropic receptor?
A chronic relapsing disorder marked by impaired control and harmful consequences.
What is substance Use disorder?
A chronic condition caused by long-term alcohol use occurring after fatty liver?
What is cirrhosis?