Central Neurogenic Causes of Dysphagia
What are the three types of CVA (stroke)?
Ischemic: Blockage
Hemorrhagic: Blood vessel rupture
TIA (transient ischemic attack): Trmporary stroke, lots of mini clots
T/F: The cause for inflammatory myopathies is unknown.
True!
What is NOT considered normal as part of presbyphagia?
Aspiration
What is the most common cause of esophageal dysphagia?
GERD
Which of these two is more associated with a globus sensation?
LPR
What is the term for rapid improvement (50–90%) to near-baseline function short-medium term?
spontaneous recovery
What is the term used to describe the infiltration of skeletal muscle by inflammatory cells? BONUS: Name at least one of the specific types of this illness.
Inflammatory myopathies
Polymyositis
Dermatomyositis
Inclusion body myositis
What IS considered normal as an element of presbyphagia?
Reduced efficiency, i.e.:
Residue
Increased swallow time
Common complaints from individuals with esophageal dysphagia include: (name at least three)
Globus (something stuck in throat)
Heartburn
Chronic coughing/throat-clearing
Difficulty with solids, but not liquids
Acidic taste in mouth
Which of these two is more associated with nighttime reflux?
GERD
List three degenerative diseases that can exhibit dysphagia as a symptom.
Parkinson's Disease
Huntington's Disease
Alzheimer's Disease
Multiple schlerosis
Dementia
What is the term used to describe a disease characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness with eventual death of muscle cells and tissue? BONUS: Name at least one of the specific types of this illness.
Muscular dystrophy
BONUS:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
What is the primary anatomical change involved in presbyphagia?
Muscle atrophy
Name two causes of esophageal dysphagia that are not GERD.
Esophageal rings
Esophagitis
Esophageal webs
70% of patients deny heartburn when experiencing which? LPR or GERD?
LPR
Which potential neurogenic cause of dysphagia can involve primitive reflexes such as sucking, tongue pumping, and tongue extrusion?
TBI
What is the autoimmune disorder of the neuromuscular junction that causes inadequate Ach in the junction, which causes poor muscle contraction and weakness?
myasthenia gravis
Presbyphagia (as opposed to dysphagia) involves a reduction in __________, but not ______.
efficiency, safety
Name three recommendations to relieve GERD.
Smoking cessation
Elevate head of the bed
Low-fat diet
Eat frequent small meals
Avoid refluxogenic foods
Besides the GERD lifestyle modifications, what additional recommendation can be made to individuals with LPR?
Medication - PPIs (proton pump inhibitors)
What is the non-progressive neurological motor and processing disorder, caused by injury to the fetal or infant brain
Cerebral palsy (CP)
What is the disease characterized by rapid-onset muscle weakness secondary to PNS attack (unknown cause) by the immune system? (It usually begins in hands and feet and spreads through the upper body and limbs.)
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Under what circumstances does the percentage of elderly individuals experiencing dysphagia greatly increase? Name at least two.
Advanced age
Co-morbid conditions (i.e. high blood pressure, diabetes)
Clinically "frail"
Live in a long-term care setting
Name the four types of esophageal tests.
Esophagram
Upper endoscopy
Esophageal manometry
Ambulatory 24-hour pH probe
Which form of reflux is known for intact motility? Which is known for poor motility?
Intact = LPR
Poor = GERD