Changes in the Structure of Thought/Psychosocial Crisis
Cognitive development beyond Piaget's formal operational thinking. More flexibility in problem solving.
Postformal Thought
The psychosocial crisis is encompassed by these two forces. Period of questioning yourself (ex: who am i?). The idea is that the adolescent would be seeking and exploring their own identity. Could face role confusion if parents are pushing their views onto the child if the child has different views than them. Fidelity (ability to commit to own and others' perspective).
Ego Identity vs. Role Confusion: Fidelity (Adolescence)
Attainment of identity, or the point at which a person understands who he/she is as a unique individual. Includes areas such as ethnicity, religion, gender, sexuality, vocation, etc.
Identity Achievement
Capable of intimacy and unafraid of abandonment.
Secure Attachment
Spend more time with their children. Cognitive-stimulating activities with their children. Lower day-to-day levels of happiness and controlling temper.
Mothers
Dividing information, values, authority into "right" and "wrong".
Dualistic Thinking (Perry: Epistemic Cognition)
The major question is "will I be loved or will I be alone?". During this stage, dating, friendships and marriage are quite important. Increase in the amount of intimate relationships during this time. If an individual fails to form a lasting relationship, the individual feels alone and isolated.
Intimacy vs. Isolation: Love (Young Adult)
A situation in which an adolescent does not seem to know or care what his/her identity is. Also called identity diffusion. Failure in identity formation.
Role Confusion
Anxiety of close and emphasis on mistrust and independence.
Actively engages in child care and continues the breadwinner role (balances out over time). New masculine ideal. These roles can lead to contradictory demands (breadwinner and nurturer)
Nurture Father
Awareness of a diversity of options on many topics. Understanding that there's no absolute truth; there could be multiple truths depending on the context.
Relativistic Thinking (Perry: Epistemic Cognition)
Intimacy
Premature identity formation, which occurs when an adolescent adopts parents' or society's roles and values wholesale, without questioning or analysis. For example, continuing the family business because your parents want you to.
Foreclosure
Needy, clingy and engulfing. Emphasis on seeking quick love.
Match career to your personality.
Strategy 1 (Holland)
Making considerate choices by being chosen in the face of legitimate alternatives.
Commitment (Perry: Epistemic Cognition)
Loneliness, self-absorption, state of searching (struggling to share deep intimacy with a partner, struggle to develop any relationship at all).
Isolation
An adolescent's choice of a socially acceptable way to postpone making identity-achievement decisions, with going to college a common example. Taking time to explore various paths.
Marriage was significantly redefined in this period of time.
Late 20th century
Find an optimal workplace.
Strategy 2 (Holland)
Adulthood brings increased experience with real-world problems and new ways of thinking that thrive on contradiction and compromise.
Increase in cognitive-affective complexity: greater awareness of one's own and other perspectives and improved emotional regulation.
Labouvie-Vief: Pragmatic Thought
Shared age norms that act as guideposts denoting what behaviours are appropriate at particular ages.
Social Clock
Depends on the skills and challenges presented to the individual growing up.
These three things are needed for consummate love.
Intimacy + Passion + Commitment
Career happiness and success in adulthood are related to these three things.
High self-esteem as a teenager, education, support from others after college and/or in adulthood.