Renaissance
Humanism
humanism- an intellectual movement stressing understanding classical traditions and learning the classical subjects of history, literature, and philosophy, also what people could achieve.
Martin Luther
Wrote the 95 theses. Was claimed a heretic and was excommunicated, but never took back what he believed--> ppl can interpret bible for themselves
Mayan civilization's key traits
independent city-states, monumental pyramid-temples, and advanced intellectual achievements in astronomy, mathematics, and hieroglyphic writing
favorable balance of trade
a country sells more goods and services to other countries than it buys from them.
Why was it important for Portugal to capture/control the Straits of Hormuz/ Malacca
to dominate the Indian Ocean spice trade, monopolize maritime routes, and cripple Muslim trade networks.
Famous artists/writers
Leonardo da vinci-mona lisa, Michelangelo- David, Raphael- School of Athens, Giovanni- Decameron, Baldassare- Courtier
social/political/economic causes
Merchants resented paying taxes, questioning the church, leaders saw the pope as a foreign ruler/questioned his authority, printing press spread critism of church
Aztec civilizations key traits
an indirect tribute-based government, intensive agriculture(chiniampas), a rigid social hierarchy, and a deeply religious culture centered on human sacrifice to appease gods like Huitzilopochtli.
economic changes experienced by Europe
countries because wealthy, merchants/traders wealthy,, towns grew
Treaty of Tordesillas/Line of Demarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas established a line of demarcation. It divided new non-Christian lands between Spain (west) and Portugal (east)
Why Italy is where it started
surrounded by ruins, trade/consequences after plague- growth, the merchant class is more powerful
Henry VIII
wanted his marriage annulled to get a male heir. had many wives and executed some
The Incan Empire key traits
A highly organized, centralized state in the Andes, renowned for its monumental stone architecture, a massive road network, and agricultural terracing
Triangular Trade
Europe to Africa: manufactured goods, such as textiles, firearms, alcohol, and metal items, to West Africa in exchange for enslaved people. Africa to the Americas: Enslaved Africans were forcibly transported to the Americas. Americas to Europe: Ships returned with raw materials produced by slave labor, including sugar, molasses, rum, tobacco, cotton, and rice.
The main motivating factor behind overseas exploration and 3 primary motives that summarize
desire to find new ways to access the spices/luxury goods of Asia. Gold, Glory, God
Legacy
individual rights, education, realism, questioning authority
Religious/social/political effect
The Roman catholic church more unified, monarchs/countries gained power, schools were established, spread of intel
Mayan Religion
A polytheistic and animistic belief system focused on the divine life force. gods for everything
Why Europe started using Africans instead of Native Americans
many native americans were dead, Africans were easier to catch, didn't know the land, so couldn't escape
Factors contributing to Spanish success against the Aztecs
disease, weapons, Montezuma failed to recognize the threat, help of other native groups who respented them
Protestants (more reformation idc)
Christians who belong to non-Catholic churches. Against Indulgences, salvation by faith alone.
Womens roles
Many women protected reformers from violence, supported reformers behind the scenes
Aztec Religion
polytheistic, ritual-heavy belief system centered on nourishing gods through human sacrifice to prevent cosmic destruction. Huitzilopochtli (sun/war), Tlaloc (rain), and Quetzalcoatl (The feathered serpent)
How enslaved Africans resisted bondage
worked slowly, uprooted, broke tools
Why are the relations between Natives and English worse than with the French/Dutch
French/Dutch focused on trade/fur, English focused on growing colonies