Geologic Time
The Earth is this many years old
What is 4.5 billion years?
New ocean crust produced from the mid-Atlantic ridge each yeat
What is the size of Skidmore campus
This 1815 eruption caused the "Year without a Summer"
What is Mt. Tambora
These are the fastest seismic waves and are the first to arrive at a seismograph station
What is the Primary wave, the p-wave
The type of rock formed from cooled magma, which makes up most of the oceanic crust
Igneous Rock, Basalt
The difference between uniformitarianism and catastrophism
What is uniformitarianism explains the geologic processes that have been consistent over time, while catastrophism says unusual and extreme events explain geologic evidence?
The reason ocean crust goes under continental crust
What is ocean crust is made of basalt making it denser than the continental crust which is made of granite, despite ocean crust typically being younger than continental crust
This is where the "Ring of Fire" is located
What is along the Pacific Ocean Plate?
The scale that is used to measure the magnitude of an earthquake based on the energy released
The Geologic event that SAI replicates
What is a volcanic eruption?
In Inclusions this rock is the younger rock
What is the host rock
A continent+continent boundary that creates large mountain ranges
What is a continent+continent convergant boundary?
The hazards of volcanoes
What is ash, SO2, pyroclastic flow, and lava/lahar?
The differences between the primary wave and secondary wave
What is primary waves run parallel while secondary run perpendicular to the wave direction, and primary can travel through liquid while secondary cannot?
This is why ocean crust is younger than continental crust
what is new ocean crust is formed at plate boundries as magma emerges from the ridges and cools, continental crust doesn't get this "refresh" as it stays above ocean crust?
The 3 uncomformities
What is noncomformity --> sed is deposited on crystaline rocks
What is discomformity --> gap in geologic records (erosion)
What is angular uncomformity--> angle between the bedding planes
The process of an ocean being formed
What is a continent+continent divergant boundary that first creates a rift valley, than continuous basalt which is ocean crust
This volcano has the highest viscosity and barely flows
What is a Rhyolite volcano?
This is how the epicenter is located
What is triangulation, using data from three seismic stations that track the energy released, the area of the fault, and the size of the slip?
The geothermal gradient
What is is the rate at which Earth's interior temperature increases with depth?
The Difference between Daughter Material and Parent Material
What is in radioactive decay the parent material is the isotope that is slowly decaying over time, and the daughter material is what the decayed parent material is turning into, it is the changed isotope?
The approximate number of years ago that Pangea began to break apart
What is 200-250 million years ago?
The difference between slow rising magma and fast rising magma
What is slow rising magma is more felsic and fast rising magma is more basaltic?
These earthquakes occur in the middle of a plate and are not directly caused by boundary interactions
What are Interplate Earthquakes?
The cause of cone volcanoes
What is a subduction zone, either continental+ocean or ocean+ocean?