Nervous System Anatomy
This region of the neuron is sender of signals (action potentials).
What is the axon?
The resting membrane potential of a neuron is.
What is -70 mV (milivolts)
These are the the two primary neruotransmitters that we discuss in the context of exercise.
What is acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
These hormones are derived from cholesterol and are lipid-soluble.
What are steroid hormones?
During exercise this hormone is the only one we discuss that decreases during exercise.
What is insulin?
The central nervous system is composed of these two structures.
What are the brain and spinal cord.
In a nerve this mineral is more permeable to the cell membrane.
What is potassium (K+)?
This region in the brain is responsible for controlling homeostasis.
What is the hypothalmus.
Non-steroid hormones are derived from.
What are protein/peptide and/or amino acids?
This hormone excreted from the kidney and acts on the bone marrow to increase red blood cell concentration.
What is erythropoietin?
The peripheral nervous system is divided into 2 subdivisions Sensory also called ___________ nerves that move toward the CNS and Motor also called __________ nerves that move signals away from the CNS.
What are the afferent and efferent. (in that order)
This is one of the methods that our body uses to maintain resting membrane potential where 3 sodium and 2 potassium ions are exchanged across the membrane.
What is the sodium-potassium pump?
This process involves the nervous system combining sensory information with motor commands to produce coordinated movement.
What is sensory-motor integration?
These intracellular molecules help relay signals from non-steroid hormones that cannot cross the cell membrane.
What are second messengers?
The primary mineralocorticoid is ______________ and is excreted from the ______________ it acts on the kidneys to help with Na+/K+ balance and fluid retention.
What is aldosteron?
What are the 4 hallmark physiological signs of sympathetic nervous system activation.
What is increase heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, and dilated pupils.
Repolarization is a term that refers to which part of the nerve impulse.
What is the cell becomes more negative- returning the cell to resting membrane potential.
These specialized fiber/receptors are located within skeletal muscles and detect changes in muscle length and the rate of stretch.
What are muscle spindles?
Steroid hormones mechanism of action on the cell is.
What is direct gene activation?
This hormone is released from adipocytes and provides the brain with infomation regarding energy status. Specifically, the feeling of being full.
What is leptin?
If an individual has just completed a bout of exercise. Which division of the peripheral nervous system will be more active and why?
What is the peripheral nervous system and rest and digest?
This ion's is primarily responsible for repolarization of the neuron following an action potential.
What is potassium?
During a maximal isometric contraction, sensory feedback from these receptors increases dramatically because they are most sensitive to this aspect of muscle function rather than muscle stretch.
What are Golgi tendon organs and what is muscle tension?
This adaptive mechanism explains why higher doses of a hormone may be required over time to produce the same physiological effect.
What is downregulation (or tolerance)?
These steroid hormones made in the adrenal cortex enter cells and bind to receptors inside the cell. This turns on genes that increase glucose production and break down proteins during long-term stress.
What are glucocorticoids (i.e., cortisol-primary for exercise)