Emergent Literacy
Children in this stage pretend to read, rely on pictures, and explore books.
What is the emergent reading stage?
Students begin to match letters to sounds, a process known as this.
What is the alphabetic principle?
Transitional readers begin to read with greater speed and accuracy, known as this.
What is fluency?
Fluent readers read with accuracy, rate, and this.
What is prosody?
This assessment helps identify a student's spelling stage.
What is a spelling inventory?
Emergent writers typically produce this kind of writing before letters.
What is scribbling or mock writing?
Early readers often use this strategy: looking at the first letter and guessing a word.
What is partial alphabetic decoding?
Transitional writers begin using more conventional spelling patterns, known as this stage.
What is within-word pattern spelling?
A student decodes accurately but reads very slowly. Identify the fluency component missing.
What is automaticity?
Emergent readers benefit most from instruction in these two areas.
What are phonological awareness and print concepts?
Children at this stage begin to understand that print carries meaning.
What is print awareness?
Writing at this stage often includes beginning and ending sounds.
What is phonetic or partial phonetic spelling?
Students at this stage begin to rely less on pictures and more on this.
What is automatic word recognition?
Fluent readers switch from "learning to read" to this.
What is reading to learn?
Transitional readers benefit from instruction in this higher-level skill.
What is comprehension strategy use?
Emergent readers rely heavily on this cueing source (pictures, context).
What is meaning based or semantic cueing?
Students begin reading these types of texts to practice decoding.
What are decodable texts?
Transitional readers begin to use this skill to understand longer texts.
What is comprehension monitoring?
Fluent readers rely on this type of vocabulary to understand academic texts.
What is Tier 2 vocabulary?
Transitional readers need instruction that builds this to support comprehension.
What is vocabulary and background knowledge?
This early phonological skill - recognizing rhymes and alliteration - develops during emergent literacy.
What is phonological awareness?
Early readers benefit from explicit instruction in this foundational skill that supports decoding.
What is phonemic awareness?
Students begin to understand more complex vowel patterns such as CVCe and vowel teams.
What is advanced phonics?
Fluent writers revise and edit their work, demonstrating this stage of writing development.
What is conventional writing?
Teachers should match texts to students' developmental levels using this principle.
What is instructional level text selection?