Describe the Data
State Your Case
Errors and Power
P-Value Decisions
Confidence Interval Detective
100
These statistics organize and summarize the characteristics of a sample without testing a hypothesis.
What are descriptive statistics?
100
The hypothesis stating that there is no difference or relationship.
What is the null hypothesis?
100
A false positive statistical conclusion.
What is a Type I error?
100
If 
, this is the statistical decision regarding the null hypothesis.
What is reject the null hypothesis?
100
This is the confidence level most commonly used when reporting a confidence interval.
What is a 95% confidence interval?
200
This measure of central tendency is most appropriate for categories such as blood type, diagnosis, or race/ethnicity.
What is the mode?
200
The hypothesis predicting that a difference or relationship exists.
What is the alternative or research hypothesis?
200
A false negative statistical conclusion
What is a Type II error?
200
If 
, this is the preferred statistical decision wording.
What is fail to reject the null hypothesis?
200
The width of a confidence interval provides information about this quality of the statistical estimate.
What is precision?
300
The difference between the highest and lowest values.
What is the range?
300
In this bell-shaped distribution, approximately 68% of scores fall within one standard deviation of the mean, and approximately 95% fall within two
What is a normal distribution?
300
A few measurements are recorded incorrectly across both study groups, but the mistakes have no consistent pattern or direction.
What is random error?
300
A P-value does not tell researchers how large an effect is or whether the result meaningfully matters to patients. What terms are used in research that explain the two concepts?
What is the magnitude or effect size?
300
Name the three factors that influence the width of a confidence interval.
What are sample variance, sample size, and the chosen confidence level?
400
Researchers take several samples from the same population and examine how much the sample means vary. This statistic describes that variation.
What is the standard error of the mean?
Also acceptable: What is the SEM?
400
In a sample of 80 participants, 60 meet a particular criterion. This is the percentage that meets the criterion.
What is 75%?
400
Participants in one treatment group exercise more outside the study than participants in the comparison group. This additional activity may influence the outcome.
What is a confounding variable?
400
A confidence interval for a mean difference extends from −6.4 to −1.1. This feature supports statistical significance.
What is a confidence interval that excludes zero?
400
Researchers analyze participants according to the groups to which they were originally assigned, even when some participants dropped out or did not follow the treatment completely.
What is intention-to-treat analysis?
Also acceptable: What is ITT analysis?
500
In this distribution, most scores are toward the higher end, while the long tail extends toward the lower scores.
What is a negatively skewed or left-skewed distribution?
500
A standardized effect size of approximately 0.85 would usually be interpreted as this magnitude.
What is a large effect size?
500
Name the four pillars that determine statistical power.
What are sample size, effect size, alpha, and variance?
500
A confidence interval for a mean difference extends from −2.2 to 0.5. This is the appropriate statistical conclusion.
What is fail to reject the null hypothesis?
Also acceptable: What is the result is not statistically significant?
500
This form of validity addresses whether study results are likely to apply to other patients, clinics, or real-world settings.
What is external validity?