Theories of Emotion
Which two psychologists explored the two-factor theory of emotion?
Schachter and Singer
What does the SCAN model stand for?
Social cognitive and affective neuroscience
What are the five factors that may influence happiness?
age, physical health, culture, religion and income and employment
What are the two components to mindfulness?
Attention and acceptance
List the three aspects of external influences (cognitive evaluation theory).
Informational aspect, controlling aspect and amotivating aspect.
Explain the process of emotion according to the two-factor theory of emotion.
environment + physiological reaction + cognitive label = emotion
Which two parts of the brain are involved with cognitive reappraisal?
Prefrontal cortex and amygdala
Explain why income and employment may only influence happiness "to an extent".
People who earn more than enough to support themselves, their families and any medical costs experience little difference in happiness levels.
Explain what mindfulness is.
A set of skills that enable effective living through paying attention to the present moment, and reaching a level of acceptance about one's life.
John is motivated to study mathematical methods and physics because his parents want him to become an engineer. What type of motivation does this apply to?
Extrinsic motivation
Explain the process of emotion according to the appraisal theory of emotion.
Environment + appraisal (primary and secondary) = emotion + physiological arousal
Which two researchers suggested that a SCAN model should be used to assess cognitive emotion regulation?
Ochsner and Gross
What are the two key areas to Diener's subjective wellbeing model? Explain what they each mean.
1) Life satisfaction: how a person evaluates their fulfilment within specific areas of their lives.
2) Affective balance: the moods, emotions and feelings that a person experiences.
What is a popular mindfulness-based therapy developed by Jon Kabat-Zinn?
Mindfulness-based stress relief (MBSR) therapy
Explain the difference between task-orientation and ego-orientation (achievement goal theory).
Task-orientation: goals that are focused on mastering a skill (intrinsic motivation)
Ego-orientation: goals that are focused on becoming the best at that skill (extrinsic motivation)
What are the three components of emotion?
Physiological changes, subjective feelings and associated behaviour.
You are swimming at the beach and are far away from shore. You start noticing a dark shape beneath the surface that happens to look like a shark. Explain the process of appraisal according to LeDoux's biological model.
You would have taken the short pathway and activated your survival systems. This means that the stimulus would have been processed through the thalamus and instead of travelling to the sensory cortex or hippocampus, went straight to the amygdala causing the emotional response.
What are the six key areas of psychological wellbeing?
autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, positive relations with others, purpose in life and self-acceptance
Explain the flow experience.
A theory developed to describe the immersion people find themselves in when focusing on a task. When a person is experiencing flow, they are deeply focused and involved in what they are doing, to the point that basic needs are ignored and they may be unaware of anything else.
What are the five principles to the goal-setting theory of motivation?
Clear goals, challenging goals, committed to the goals, receiving feedback on the goals, complexity of the goals.
Imagine that you are walking through the bush and suddenly you notice that a snake is in front of you. Your heart starts racing and you tremble. Apply the two-factor theory to this situation.
environment is the snake in front of you, physiological reaction is your heart racing and trembling, cognitive label is "I feel scared", emotion is scared/ fear.
Which part of the brain receives sensory information and relays this to the sensory cortex, and the amygdala?
Thalamus
What does the broaden-and-build theory state about positive emotions?
The broaden-and-build theory has highlighted that positive emotions have benefits to 'optimal wellbeing' because they broaden one's awareness and encourages exploration.
1) enduring physical and emotional resources
2) developing social resources
3) developing intellectual complexity
List the six factors that are featured in a state of flow.
1) Intense and focused concentration on the present moment
2) Merging of action and awareness
3) Loss of reflective self-consciousness
4) Sense of personal control over the situation/ activity
5) Altered experience of time
6) Experiencing the activity as rewarding
Bella loves dancing. However, Bella believes that she will not succeed at becoming a famous dancer one day. Therefore, she is planning on going to uni to study psychology. Explain what theory of motivation this relates to and why.
This relates to the self-efficacy theory because this theory focuses on how a personal judgement or belief of how likely it is that we will succeed affects our motivation.