My tissues are soft and my bones are hard (Ortho / soft-tissue)
What type of wound can be described as “an injury in which soft tissue is torn completely loose or is hanging as a flap”?
Avulsion
What muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and can be injured by severe blunt trauma?
Diaphragm
What life threat would you suspect when a patient has absent lung sounds on either side?
Pneumothorax
What is defined as painful muscle spasms usually associated with vigorous activity in a hot environment?
Heat cramps
What is the most common type of shock in trauma patients?
Hemorrhagic shock
What injury would you suspect in a patient with battle signs and raccoon eyes?
Basal skull fracture
What assessment must you do after applying a splint/tourniquet/bandage to assess if it was improperly done?
PMS to check for impaired circulation
In a patient with an evisceration, what do you cover it with?
A moist sterile dressing, then an occlusive
What sign would indicate a patient has flail chest?
Paradoxical movement
Hypothermia is an abnormally low body temperature, clinically defined as a body temperature below ________.
95 F (35 C)
Epistaxis is commonly known as:
a nosebleed
Why would an EMT use an occlusive dressing on an open neck injury? To control bleeding and prevent the possibility of an _____ _____
Air embolism
What is the primary concern with a pelvic fracture in a trauma patient?
Risk of Severe hemorrhage
What membrane lines the abdominal cavity and covers many of the abdominal organs?
Peritoneum
What is the name of the fibrous sac that surrounds the heart?
Pericardium
Freezing of the most superficial layer of the skin. Commonly occurs on the ears, fingers, nose, and toes.
Frost nip
Provide 2 examples of mechanisms of injuries that would increase suspicion of internal bleeding.
Motor vehicle collisions – especially with high speed, rollover, or ejection.
Falls from height – particularly >20 feet in adults or >2–3 times the child’s height in pediatrics.
Blunt (especially abdominal) trauma
Penetrating trauma –internal bleeding can be secondary to external bleeding
Assaults – blunt force trauma to the chest or abdomen.
Industrial/Machinery/Crush injuries
Falls onto an object – e.g., landing on a bicycle handlebar or fence post.
Blast injuries – explosions causing blunt or penetrating trauma.
Sports injuries – high-energy collisions (e.g., football or hockey)
Non-traumatic causes can be ulcers, ectopic pregnancies, aneurysms, etc.
You're treating a patient with a burn to their eye. How long do you flush the affected eye?
At least 20 minutes
Describe what a partial-thickness burn looks like. (There's a specific key-word)
Typically, the skin is moist, mottled, and white to red. Blisters are present. Partial-thickness burns cause intense pain.
What organ is most frequently injured by trauma to the flank?
Kidneys
You have a patient with a gunshot would whom you are ventilating during transport. You start getting resistance when you squeeze the BVM, what should you do?
Burp the occlusive dressing.
List the only two types of spiders found in NJ that are able to deliver serious, even life threatening bites.
What are the brown recluse and black widow spider. (Black widow spider bites are neurotoxic. Brown recluse spider bite is cytotoxic)
What is the most definitive sign that a patient in shock has progressed into decompensated shock?
Blood pressure will fall. Decompensated shock is also called hypotensive shock
What is the medical term for an injury that involves a fracture of the orbit or of the bones that support the floor of the orbit, often causing displacement?
A blow-out fracture
What condition can develop when swelling in a confined space results in increased pressure within soft-tissues that produces dangerous pressure; may cut off blood flow or damage sensitive tissue?
Compartment syndrome
If a patient sustains trauma to the abdomen, injury to which organ is most likely to cause rapid, life-threatening internal bleeding? It is often injured by a fractured lower right rib or a penetrating injury, such as a stab wound.
The liver
What is the condition where a blunt impact to the chest causes the patient to go into V-Fib?
Commotio Cordis
The most common injuring occuring after a lighting strike are
Cardiac arrest
What are the 3 stages of shock?
Compensated -> Decompensated -> Irreversible
What are the 3 layers of the meninges?
1. Dura mater - tough, outermost layer composed of dense connective tissue
2. Arachnoid mater - thin, web-like membrane with threadlike strands extending from it
3. Pia mater - innermost layer, a delicate membrane that closely adheres to the surface of the brain and spinal cord
You have a 35-year-old male who was in a house fire suffering from partial-thickness burns to: entire right arm, anterior chest and abdomen, anterior right leg
Use the rule of nines to determine the Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) burned
Entire right arm = 9%
Anterior chest & abdomen (front of the torso) = 18%
Anterior right leg = 9%
Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) burned = 9% + 18% + 9% = 36%
A restrained patient involved in a MVC complains of lower abdominal pain. What organ is most likely to rupture (if distended at the time) when the lap belt compresses the abdomen?
Bladder. Never drive without peeing first
What complication can occur when a patient has a pneumothorax and the air cannot escape from the thoracic cavity causing the pressure inside the chest to build?
Tension pneumothorax
What temperature does the body reach when shivering stops?
Below 90 degrees F.
What is the medical term for discoloration of the skin associated with a closed wound, or bruising?
Ecchymosis
Fractures of the larynx or trachea can cause air to leak from the airway into the subcutaneous tissues. The presence of air in the soft tissues produce a crackling sensation called _____ _____.
Subcutaneous emphysema
There are 8 types of fractures described in the textbook, list at least 3.
Comminuted. A fracture in which the bone is broken into more than two fragments.
Epiphyseal. A fracture that occurs in a growth section of a child’s bone and may result in growth abnormalities.
Greenstick. An incomplete fracture that passes only partway through the shaft of a bone but may still cause substantial angulation; occurs in children.
Incomplete. A fracture that does not run completely through the bone; a nondisplaced partial crack.
Oblique. A fracture in which the bone is broken at an angle across the bone. This is usually the result of a sharp, angled blow to the bone.
Pathologic. A fracture of weakened or diseased bone, seen in patients with osteoporosis, infection, or cancer; often produced by minimal force.
Spiral. A fracture caused by a twisting or spinning force, causing a long, spiral-shaped break in the bone. This is sometimes the result of abuse in young children.
Transverse. A fracture that occurs straight across the bone. This is usually the result of a direct and relatively high-energy blow.
Referred pain to the shoulder due to bleeding within the peritoneum is known as _____ sign
Kehr
What are the hallmark signs of Beck's triad?
Beck's triad indicates a cardiac tamponade.
1. Hypotension
2. Jugular vein distention
3. Muffled heart sounds
Trauma from a dive injury that results in tissue damage within any air-filled structure of the body is called:
Barotrauma
How much blood loss can the average adult lose before showing signs of shock? Answer can be in pints, liters, or percentage.
The body cannot tolerate an acute blood loss of greater than 20% of this total blood volume, or more than 2 pints (approximately 1 L) in the average adult.
What are the signs of Cushings triad and what do they indicate?
1. Hypertension w/ widening pulse pressure
2. Bradycardia
3. Irregular respirations
It indicates Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)