3.2 Respiratory system
This large, dome-shaped muscle at the base of the ribcage contracts and pulls downward during inhalation
What is the diaphragm?
Located near the center of the chest, this four-chambered muscular organ acts as a double pump to continuously push blood throughout the body
What is the heart?
These hair-like extensions of root cells increase surface area to maximize water and nutrient absorption from the soil
What are root hairs?
This colorful and scented part of a flower is specifically adapted to attract bees, butterflies, and other animal pollinators
What is a petal?
Formed from molten magma underground or lava on the surface, this rock family takes its name from a Latin word meaning "fire"
What are igneous rocks?
Unlike breathing, which is a physical process, this chemical process occurs inside cellular mitochondria to turn glucose and oxygen into usable energy
What is cellular respiration?
These tiny cell fragments assist in blood clotting by releasing chemicals that produce thread-like fibrin to seal punctures and form scabs over wounds
What are platelets?
In plant vascular bundles, this tissue carries water upwards in a one-way flow, while this other tissue transports sugars in a two-way flow
What are xylem and phloem?
Consisting of a supporting filament and a pollen-producing anther, this structure forms the male reproductive organ of a flower
What is the stamen?
Developed in 1812, this scale ranks mineral scratch resistance from 1 for talc to 10 for diamond
What is the Mohs scale?
These microscopic, sac-like structures surrounded by capillaries are only one cell thick and serve as the primary site of gas exchange in the lungs
What are alveoli?
Because blood pressure is low when returning toward the heart, these blood vessels contain special internal valves to prevent backflow
What are veins?
These specialized cells surrounding stomata swell with water to open leaf pores for gas exchange or shrink to close them during dry conditions
What are guard cells?
Dandelion seeds possess this fluffy, parachute-like tuft that allows them to be carried long distances on gusts of wind
What is a pappus?
Performed by scratching a mineral on an unglazed ceramic tile, this test reveals true powdered color and distinguishes gold from pyrite
What is a streak test?
During physical exercise, the body increases its breathing rate and depth to rapidly exhale this primary acidic waste product
What is carbon dioxide ($\text{CO}_2$)?
Located in the wall of the right atrium, this natural pacemaker generates electrical signals that cause heart muscle to beat myogenicly
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
In xylem capillarity, this force describes water molecules sticking to each other, while this force describes water molecules sticking to the vessel walls
What are cohesion and adhesion?
Invisible to human eyes, these target-like floral patterns guide insect pollinators directly to the nectar source
What are ultraviolet (UV) patterns (or landing strips/bullseyes)?
In metamorphic rock formation deep underground, heat and pressure cause mineral crystals to change size and align into parallel bands without melting
What is recrystallisation (or foliation)?
This phenomenon occurs during grass pollen season when storm moisture causes pollen grains to swell, burst into tiny fragments, and blow back down to ground level
What is thunderstorm asthma?
Lacking a nucleus to maximize space, red blood cells rely on this iron-rich protein molecule to bind oxygen and transport it to body tissues
What is haemoglobin?
Unlike stomata on leaves, these small horizontal slits found in the bark of woody tree trunks allow stems to exchange gases with the air
What are lenticels?
This scientific field studies microscopic pollen grains to analyze ecological history, investigate crime scenes, and track hay fever triggers
What is palynology?
The Bama People of Northern Queensland specifically selected this hard, non-porous metamorphic rock to craft grooved Morah grindstones so toxic plant chemicals would not absorb into the stone
What is slate?