Communication
What are the methods of cell communication for hormones?
Paracrine and endocrine
What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine: ductless
exocrine: ducted
Insulin and glucagon exhibit what type of hormone interaction?
Antagonistic
This part of the pituitary gland store hormones.
What two hormones are secreted by th posterior pituitary gland?
ADH and oxytocin
What is paracrine cell communication?
Hormones diffuse through extracellular fluid to nearby cells with appropriate receptors
Name the 5 endocrine glands in the body.
1. Pituitary
2. pineal
3. thyroid
4. parathyroid
5. adrenal
Thyroid strengthens epinephrine's effect upon lipolysis. What type of hormone interaction is this?
What is the major link between the nervous and endocrine system?
Hypothalamus
In what two ways is secretion from the anterior pituitary regulated?
1. Releasing and inhibiting hormones from the hypothalamus
2. Negative feedback as levels of hormones secreted by target glands increases, anterior pituitary secretion decreases.
What is endocrine communication?
Hormones are carried via the bloodstream to distant cells
Explain up-regulation and down-regulation
Up-regulation: Lack of hormones causes an increase in receptors on a cell and thus increased sensitivity to hormones
Down-regulation: Strong response from hormone surplus causes reduced receptor density and thus decreased sensitivity and response to hormones
Synergistic
1. TSH
2. ACTH
3. FSH and LH
4. Growth Hormone (GH)
5. Prolactin
6. Endorphins
What are the five cell types in the anterior pituitary?
1. corticotroph
2. thyrotroph
3. gonadotroph
4. somatotroph
5. lactotroph
What is direct cell communication and does this apply to hormones, neurotransmitters, or neither?
Direct movement of small molecules through gap junctions linking cytoplasm of adjacent cells.
Neither
Name the three lipid-soluble types of hormones
1. steroid
2. Thyroid (T3 and T4)
3. Nitric Oxide (NO)
What three things are hormones regulated by?
1. signals from the nervous system
2. Chemical changes in the blood
3. Other hormones
Where are the releasing and inhibiting hormones produced and what do they target?
Production: Neurosecretory cells in the Hypothalamus
Target: Anterior Pituitary
The response to a hormone depends on what three things?
1. Hormone's concentration
2. Abundance of target cell receptors
3. Influence exerted by other hormones
How do the effects of the nervous and endocrine system differ?
Nervous: Mediator molecule is neurotransmitters, effects occur faster, more briefly, and have a local influence
Endocrine: Mediator molecule is hormones, slower responses, longer-lasting effects, and broader influence
How do mechanisms of hormone action differ for lipid-soluble and water-soluble hormones?
Lipid-soluble: bind to receptors inside the target cell
Water-soluble: bind to receptors on plasma membrane causing an intracellular cascade
Most hormones are regulated by ______ feedback. Give an example of a hormone NOT regulated in this manner.
Negative, oxytocin
What are the three stages of stress response?
1. Initial Fight or Flight
2. Resistance Reaction
3. Exhaustion
Are glycoproteins water-soluble or lipid-soluble?
water-soluble