Motivations for Exploration
Define mercantilism.
Export as much as possible to other countries and import as little as possible
What was Jamestown?
The first permanent English settlement
Who were the Pilgrims? What did they want?
Separatists who wanted to abandon the Anglican church and were prosecuted by the English authorities
Pilgrims wanted to create a model Christian society that follows God's command (bible), with no separation between church and state
Why did John Winthrop persecute Roger Williams?
Because he was a separatist
Where did Spanish King Phillip II send the Spanish Armada? What was the result?
Across the English Channel to attack England
England defeated the Armada and ended Spain’s dominion over the Atlantic
What was the main issue with settling colonies? How did the English solve this issue?
Money
Those interested in colonization came together to share the financial risks through joint-stock companies
Wanted people to spread Christianity
Investors wanted to profit from the gold and silver that would be found
Who were the Puritans and what did they believe?
A known group of dissenters who wanted to purify the church, but not leave it completely
Wanted the removal of all papal rituals and the simplification of religion; people worshipping God in plain, self-worshipping congregations
Be governed by their own congregations, elect their own ministers, and limit church membership
What did Roger Williams believe?
Williams was angry that Massachusetts hadn't broken from the Anglican church
He backed the Indian's titles to their land
Wanted complete separation of church and state
Who led the expedition to Roanoke and who governed it?
Sir Walter Raleigh
John White
Name at least two differences between the Spanish and English colonies.
Spanish expeditions: Government enterprises, focused on conquering, mostly soldiers (men)
English colonies: Expensive, funded by private companies or established as religious experiments, more compact than New Spain, and not focused on conquering
What rule did the headright system created by Edwin Sandes say?
Any Englishman who bought a share in the company and paid to go to Virginia was given 50 acres of land, and 50 more for every indentured servant
What did the Mayflower Compact signed by the separatists do?
It established a model for consensual government, meaning they would follow leaders of their own choosing, and was an agreement to establish a church
What was the first state to establish religious freedom?
Rhode Island
What kind of government did the English colonies have when they were first being settled, compared to other colonies?
Least intrusive
List the two reasons the English government had for building colonies.
Provide raw materials: Timber, tobacco, and fur
Develop a thriving consumer market for English-made goods
How did John Smith help save Jamestown?
Employed military discipline to force everyone to work if they wanted to eat
What did John Winthrop want for the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
A refuge for persecuted Puritans
He wanted it to serve as a model to the corrupt Anglican church
Why was Anne Hutchinson persecuted?
Claimed direct revelations from God, where she was told who was saved and who was damned
Had group meetings in her home to talk about scripture
Being a woman
Name at least four things brought over from Europe through the Columbian Exchange.
Food: Wheat, rice, barley, oats, melons, coffee, olives
Animals: Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, rats
Diseases: Smallpox(killed more than combat), typhus, chickenpox, malaria, measles
List the four reasons the everyday people had for building colonies.
Escape from constant wars and religious strife
Food shortages- farmers shifted from crop growing to sheep herding due to the economy
Land scarcity
Mercantilism
What was the crop that saved Jamestown, and who grew it?
Tobacco
John Rolfe
What were the problems with John Winthrop?
Dictator who hated the idea of democracy
He refused to embrace religious tolerance, political freedom, social equality, or diversity
Brought before an all-male court
Banished
She and her 6 children moved north of New York City, but were killed by Indians
Explain at least two differences between the European and Native American Culture.
The Europeans: The secular and sacred separated, nature fell into the secular sphere, with natural resources being there for humans to use, private ownership
Native Americans: No separation; all beings were linked to a sacred whole, and humans and nature had mutual reciprocity, communal living