Tenacity
quality of being determined or of holding fast
Central Ideas
A central idea is an overarching message or truth that is specific to a text. Central ideas are the key points authors make and the ones they want you to remember most. Central ideas may be directly stated in a text, but more often they are implied. This means you must sometimes use key supporting details in the text to infer central ideas. But remember: All central ideas are supported by relevant details and facts in the text.
Relevance, Sufficiency, and Validity in Evidence
When you are writing an objective summary, it is especially important to determine if the evidence presented in a text is relevant. In a brief, factual summary, there is simply no room to provide extraneous, irrelevant details.
Rhetorical triangle
The Rhetorical Triangle is composed of three parts: Ethos, Pathos, and Logos.
Logos appeals to reason. Logos can also be thought of as the text of the argument, as well as how well a writer has argued his/her point. Ethos appeals to the writer’s character. Ethos can also be thought of as the role of the writer in the argument, and how credible his/her argument is. Pathos appeals to the emotions and the sympathetic imagination, as well as to beliefs and values. Pathos can also be thought of as the role of the audience in the argument.
Application of evidence
Authors use quotations, paraphrases, and summaries as evidence. Authors use each type of evidence for specific reasons, and they carefully decide which kind of evidence to use in each case.
Delude
to persuade into erroneous thinking; mislead
Toulmin Model of Argument
The Toulmin Model of Argument describes a way of structuring logical arguments. Understanding its elements can help you evaluate the arguments of others. If any element of this model is missing, the argument may have logical flaws that affect its validity. There are five primary components of the Toulmin Model of Argument: claim, reasons, evidence, anticipated counterclaim (or rebuttal), and warrant (or backing).
General versus Specific Information
If an author cites a statistic to support a claim, you probably don't need to include the exact statistic and its source in your summary. Instead, you could summarize the author's point by evaluating what this statistic is meant to communicate, and stating this outright in your summary. Including evidence that is too specific makes a summary too long and too detailed. A summary should be brief and to the point.
Syntax
Authors use simple sentences to present information in a matter-of-fact way. Simple sentences provide emphasis when authors are describing actions or events, and they convey ideas clearly and concisely.
objective summary
When you write an objective summary of an informational text, you must briefly cover the most essential points, or central ideas, of the text. This includes not only recognizing the obvious explicit meaning of a text, but also uncovering any implied meaning that is subtly conveyed through tone, style, or word choice.
Equitable
fair and equal
What Is Evidence, Exactly?
The information that authors provide as support or proof for their opinions, claims, or central ideas is evidence. Readers of informational text can find evidence in various places. If the evidence is the author’s own information, it might be stated outright. An author can also supply information from other sources.
Looking for Credible and Current Information
(Valid Research articles)
Valid research sources can include
Parallel Structure
Using parallel structure means to repeat a pattern of a chosen grammatical form, giving the same level of significance to two or more ideas.
Recognizing Purpose and Audience
Words like social engineering, distinguish, and co-existent reveal aspects of this text’s purpose and audience.
Misnomer
an incorrect term used to describe or designate something
Elements of an Argument
Argument is a logical approach to persuasion and rhetoric. It uses logos, rather than pathos or ethos. Learning about a model of argument called the Toulmin Model will help you evaluate the validity of arguments.
what is unique about informational text
Diction
Diction is another term for word choice. Just as authors use varied stylistic choices for effect, they choose specific words to convey meanings and perspectives they want readers to experience through their writing
Implied Meaning through Style, Tone, and Word Choice
Identifying style, tone, and word choice is an essential skill for uncovering the task, purpose, and audience for a text in which those aspects are not explicitly stated.
Veracity
truthfulness or accuracy
Toulmin Model of Argument
The Toulmin Model of Argument describes a way of structuring logical arguments. Understanding its elements can help you evaluate the arguments of others. If any element of this model is missing, the argument may have logical flaws that affect its validity. There are five primary components of the Toulmin Model of Argument: claim, reasons, evidence, anticipated counterclaim (or rebuttal), and warrant (or backing).
what types of writing does tone really matter?
Voice
Voice, sometimes referred to as persona
An author can express voice through features such as
Summarizing Evidence