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What is "comprehensible input" according to Krashen's Input Hypothesis?
Language input that contains structures “slightly beyond” his/her current level of competence
What does "output" mean in language learning?
Output is the language learners produce (speaking or writing).
What's the difference between "acquisition" and "learning" in the field of second language acquistition?
Acquisition is unconsciously absorbing language through communication, while learning is consciously studying grammar and vocabulary.
What is "Affective Filter" according to Krashen?
An invisible emotional barrier that can prevent learners from effectively processing a second language.
What is the core idea of "Innatist Theory" of second language acquisition?
Human beings are biologically pre-programmed with an innate capacity for language.
What is the core idea of "Interactionist theory" of second language acquisition?
Language learning is driven by social interaction, specifically the negotiation of meaning between a learner and another person.
What is the core idea of "Output Hypothesis" in second language acquistiion?
Producing language (speaking and writing) is essential for second language acquisition, and not just a byproduct of it.
What is the core idea of "Behaviorist Theory" to second language acquisition?
Learning a new language is a mechanical process of habit formation driven by environmental stimuli, imitation, repetition, and reinforcement.
What are 3 key characteristics of Communicative Language Teaching?
- It focuses on communication and real-life language use.
- Whenever possible, authentic language is introduced.
- It uses pair work and group activities.
- Students’ L1 is not necessarily avoided.
What are 3 key characteristics of Grammar Translation Method?
- It focuses on grammar rules and translation.
- It uses the learners’ first language to teach.
- It emphasizes reading and writing rather than speaking and listening.
What are 3 key characteristics of The Direct Method?
- It uses only the target language in class (Learners' L1 is forbidden).
- Vocabulary is taught through pictures, objects, and demonstrations.
- It emphasizes speaking and listening.
What are 3 key characteristics of the Audio-Lingual Method?
- It uses habit formation through imitation and practice.
- It emphasizes listening and speaking before reading and writing.
- The major objective of teaching is for students to acquire the structural patterns.
State 2 challenges (issues) with the Direct Method.
- It can be difficult to explain abstract concepts without using the learners’ first language.
- It requires teachers with high proficiency in the target language and can be difficult to implement in large classes.
State 2 challenges (issues) with the Grammar Translation Method.
- It gives limited opportunities to practice speaking and listening skills.
- It focuses on grammar rules and translation rather than meaningful communication.
State 2 main criticisms of Krashen’s Input Hypothesis.
- It is difficult to define and measure comprehensible input (i + 1).
- The hypothesis does not fully explain the role of language output in language learning.
State 2 challenges (issues) with the Audio-lingual Method.
- Learners have few opportunities to use language creatively and spontaneously.
- Learners may struggle to use practiced patterns in real-life communication.
State 2 core ideas of "Usage-based approach" to second language acquisition.
- Language acquisition occurs through repeated exposure to and use of language.
- Language acqusition involves cognitive abilities that are also involved in learning other skills.
State 4 challenges (issues) with Communicative Language Teaching.
- Teachers’ confidence and proficiency in using and teaching English
- Managing class time effectively
- Preparing printed and multimedia teaching materials
- Difficulty assessing communicative ability objectively