People
Enlightenment thinker who argued for natural rights and government by consent.
John Locke
19th-century artistic and literary movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, and nature.
Romanticism
Acceptance of different religious beliefs and practices without persecution.
Religious Tolerence
English novelist who wrote the foundational gothic science fiction novel Frankenstein.
Mary Shelley
The natural world, viewed by Romantics as sublime, inspiring, and a source of spiritual renewal.
Nature
English philosopher who argued for a strong absolute sovereign to maintain social order.
Thomas Hobbes
18th-century intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and individualism.
Enlightenment
Dividing government responsibilities among distinct branches to limit any one branch's power.
Separation of Powers
Empress of Russia who corresponded with philosophes and expanded Russian territory.
Catherine II of Russia
The creative faculty, central to Romantic creation and perception.
Imagination
Scottish economist known as the father of modern economics and capitalism.
Adam Smith
The freedom to produce, trade, and consume goods without government restriction.
Economic Freedom
Fundamental rights inherent to all human beings, such as life, liberty, and property.
Natural Rights
Enlightened monarch who modernized Prussia's legal system and religious tolerance.
Frederick II of Prussia
Intense feeling, highly valued by Romantic artists as a source of authentic truth.
Emotion
Enlightenment writer who championed civil liberties, free speech, and religious tolerance.
Voltaire
An economic policy of minimum governmental interference in economic affairs.
Laissez-faire
Implicit agreement among individuals to form a state that guarantees mutual protection and rights.
Social Contract
Enlightened monarch who abolished serfdom and granted freedom of worship.
Jospeh II of Austria
The overthrow of King James II of England in 1688, establishing a constitutional monarchy.
Glorious Revolution
French political philosopher who advocated for the separation of powers.
Baron de Montequieu
The principle that the authority of a state is created by the consent of its people.
Popular Sovereignty
Political doctrine that monarchs derive their authority directly from God.
Divine Right of Kings
English Romantic landscape painter known for expressive color and dramatic light.
J.M.W. Turner
The right to hold and openly express opinions and ideas.
Freedom of Thought and Expression