Government
a political system where the ruler has total power
What is Laissez-Faire
An economic idea that the government should stay out of business affairs and let the free market operate on its own
Who believed in the separation between church and state
Voltaire
Who introduced the mathematical framework for the heliocentric model, proposing that planets orbit the sun.
Nicolaus Copernicus
What is the scientific method
A step-by-step process of using observation, hypothesis, and experimentation to test ideas and discover truths about the natural world.
belief that the power of monarchs comes from god and is absolute
What is a social contract
An agreement between citizens and their government where people give up some individual freedoms in exchange for protection and order.
What is Voltaire famous for
strongly championed freedom of speech, religious tolerance, and civil liberties, frequently criticizing religious intolerance and government oppression.
Who used an improved telescope to observe astronomical phenomena (such as Jupiter’s moons), providing empirical evidence for the heliocentric theory and directly challenging Church doctrine.
Galileo Galilei
What is the heliocentric theory
The astronomical model showing that the sun is at the center of the universe, and planets revolve around it.
What did Hobbes believe was the primary role of government
What is the invisible hand
Who authored The Wealth of Nations, arguing that free market economies operate most effectively when driven by self-interest, competition, and supply and demand
Adam Smith
Who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation, demonstrating that uniform natural forces govern both celestial bodies and earthly objects.
Isaac Newton
What is empiricism
The idea that knowledge comes from direct observation, evidence, and practical experience rather than from tradition or pure theory.
What is popular sovereignty
The political principle that government power comes from the consent of the people, meaning the ultimate authority belongs to the public.
What are natural rights
the rights people are born with life liberty and property
Who created social contracts
Montesquieu
Who created the scientific method
Francis Bacon
What is the geocentric theory
the idea that the universe is centered on the earth, and was supported by the church
What did John Locke believe governments job was
To protect natural rights
Describe how Adam Smith’s idea of laissez-faire and Voltaire’s idea of religious freedom challenged traditional rules and power.
Adam Smith's idea took power away from the king in the economy and gave it to the market on the other hand Voltaire's idea of religious freedom directly challenged the churches role in society
Describe how thinkers like John Locke and Montesquieu used logic to criticize absolute monarchies and invent new ideas for government.
John locke believes that the government's job was to protect peoples natural rights and that citizens give the government it's power Montesquieu believed that the separation of powers would prevent absolutism by preventing any one group from becoming to powerful
What was the church's reaction to Galileo
They made him recant his ideas and put him under house arrest
Describe how the heliocentric theory proposed by Copernicus and supported by Galileo challenged the traditional geocentric model upheld by the Catholic Church.
It changed from being earth centered like the church believed to being sun centered which was supported by science and math